gene in Biological Definition
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gene in Biological Definition
Genes are entities that parents pass to offspring during reproduction . These entities encode information essential for the construction and regulation of polypeptides , proteins and other molecules that determine the growth and functioning of the organism .
The word "g...
...xternal links Lack of pigmentation The gene which results in albinism prevents the body from m...aneous albinism, individuals inherit an "albinism gene " from both parents. Where an individual receives one albinism gene and one normal gene, that person will not show out...
... one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given locus (position) on a chromosome . An example is the gene for blossom color in many species of flower - a single gene controls the color of the petals, but there may be...
... population , or equivalently the richness of its gene pool . Allele frequency is defined as follows: Given a) a particular chromosome locus , b) a gene occupying that locus, c) a population of individu... The frequencies of all the alleles of a given gene often are graphed together as an allele frequency...
...to a modification of the definition of a "gene". Some have proposed that a gene should be considered as a twofold information structure: A DNA sequenc... of coding. Others have noted that it is unnecessary to change the DNA of a gene for the evolution of a new protein. Instead, a new way of regulation coul...
...ntigens, it must produce millions of B lymphoyctes. It is important to note that to produce such a diversity of antigen binding sites with a separate gene for each possible antigen, the immune system would require many more genes than exist in the genome . Instead, as Susumu Tonegawa showed in 1976, ...
...m carried out by human papillomaviruses (HPV), a gene called E6 is expressed in a product that degrade... (IFN-alpha/beta)induce transcription of the p53 gene , resulting in the increase of p53 protein level ...ced-3 and ced-4 . Ron Ellis also identified a gene with an opposite effect: ced-9 . The product of t...
...omes or, less frequently, as gonosomes. Uses An autosomal dominant gene is one on an autosome and is always expressed, even if a single copy exists. The chance is 1:2 for passing this gene to offspring. ...
...plasmid carries a tra and a trb locus , which together are about 33 kb long and consist of about 40 genes . The tra locus includes the pilin gene and controlling genes, which together form pili on the cell surface, polymeric proteins that can attach themselves to the surface of F-negative ...
...his can be significant if different alleles of a gene are present on the different chromosomes; in some ...t evidence suggests that the maternally inherited gene may be imprinted . It is thought that this cons...ion of CpG sites . These changes help inactivate gene expression on the inactive X-chromosome and to br...
... A phylogenetic tree of all living things , based on rRNA gene data, showing the separation of the three domains bacteria , archaea , a...g organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool . This "last universal common ancestor, that is, the most recent comm...
...-Leste, and the United States of America. If the gene is the fundamental unit of natural selection, thus...ganisms . They study processes such as mutations, gene exchanges, and genome dynamics that occur at the D...nd genetic engineering , people are going through gene patenting , processes patenting, and a totally ne...
...t , protein structure prediction , prediction of gene expression and protein-protein interactions , and..."shotgun" DNA sequencing , and the prediction of gene regulation with data from mRNA microarrays or...he huge amounts of DNA data (pictured) produced by gene sequencing projects is just one of the tasks faced...
...fforts are included in some biology department somewhere. To include some: gene regulation , single protein dynamics, bioenergetics, patch clamping , bio... slicing) as well as theoretically (computer models), membrane permitivity, gene therapy, understanding tumors. Pharmacology and physiology - channel ...
...e, following the discovery of a previously unknown gene in the mouse , a scientist typically will perform...uences in the human genome that resemble the mouse gene based on similarity of sequence. BLAST is one ...ller at The Pennsylvania State University , and gene Myers at the University of Arizona . It is avai...
...ombinations of treatments, or new methods such as gene therapy . A clinical trial is one of the final s...rited. Inheriting certain mutations in the BRCA1 gene renders a woman much more likely to develop breas...rry some oncogene or tumor suppressor inactivating gene in their genome . It is impossible to tell the ...
...um in the renal tube cells can lead to polycystic kidney disease (PKD). In another genetic disorder called Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), the mutant gene products are the components in the basal body and cilia. ...
...logy , cloning is used in two contexts: cloning a gene , or cloning an organism . Cloning a gene means to extract a gene from one organism (for example by PCR) and insert ...
...onal portion of this molecule is referred to as a gene . Each gene is transcribed into a short template molecule of... which will then be folded into a protein . The gene sequence inscribed in DNA, and in RNA, is composed...
...or . In biology , the theory of universal common descent proposes that all organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool. A theory of universal common descent based on evolutionary principles was proposed by Charles Darwin in his book The Origin of Species ...
...t , protein structure prediction , prediction of gene expression and protein-protein interactions , and..."shotgun" DNA sequencing , and the prediction of gene regulation with data from mRNA microarrays or...he huge amounts of DNA data (pictured) produced by gene sequencing projects is just one of the tasks faced...
... aspects of culture can best be understood through the concept of the meme , first introduced by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish gene . The idea is that there are units of culture, memes , roughly analogous to genes in evolutionary biology . Although this view has gained some po...
...n aging similar to that of Alzheimer's disease . Another chromosome 21 gene that might predispose Down syndrome individuals to develop Alzheimer's pathology is the gene that encodes the precursor of the amyloid protein . Neurofibrillary tangle...
...tion of other genes and, in turn, these secondary gene products can regulate the expression of still othe...ryo are significantly augmented by new hunchback gene transcription and translation of the resulting zy...selves around the periphery of the cell cytoplasm. gene expression in these nuclei is regulated by the Bic...
...netics , 16 (7), pp. 315-320. (Discusses theories on how mitochondria and chloroplast genes are transferred into the nucleus, and also what steps a gene needs to go through in order to complete this process.) [1] Paul Jarvis (2001), "Intracellular signalling: The chloroplast talks!", Current Biol...
...y even be reversed without affecting its function. Furthermore, an enhancer may be excised and inserted elsewhere in the chromosome, and still affect gene transcription. ...
...omosome inactivation in mammalian females, and gene silencing within an organism. The study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the seque... In both cases, the object of study includes how gene regulatory information that is not expressed in DN...
...hibiting race mixing in an attempt to maintain the gene pool. Eugenic considerations also lay behind the a...sire to exclude "inferior" races from the national gene pool. In the early part of the twentieth century t...were inferior races who would pollute the national gene pool if their numbers went unrestricted. It is arg...
...a change in the frequency of an allele within a gene pool . This change may be caused by a number of di...enetic drift or changes in population structure ( gene flow ). Contents showTocToggle("show","hi... Natural selection 1.3.2 Genetic drift 1.3.3 gene flow 1.4 Microevolution and macroevolution...
...tates that under certain conditions (specified below), if a random sample of n gametes is taken from a population and classified according to the gene at a particular locus then the probability that there are a 1 alleles represented once in the sample, and a 2 alleles represented twice, ...
... Exons are the regions of DNA within a gene that are not spliced out and which are retained in the final mRNA mole...ecific portion of the complete protein , however, not all exons in a given gene will end up in the final protein due to the process of alternative splicin...
.... It was originally intended as a way to identify gene transcripts , but has since been instrumental in gene discovery and sequence determination. An EST is pr...ng probes for DNA microarrays used to determine gene expression . External links The NCBI H...
...it is sometimes possible for a deleterious mutation to be spread throughout a population through the effect of genetic drift . A diverse or "deep" gene pool gives a population a higher chance of surviving an adverse change in conditions. Effects that cause or reward a loss in genetic diversity can...
...distributions; rather, they are a random sample, and are thus subject to the same statistical fluctuations (sampling error ). When the alleles of a gene do not differ with regard to fitness, on average the number of carriers in one generation is proportional to the number of carriers in the last. But t...
... gene duplication occurs when an error in DNA replicat...region of DNA containing a (generally functional) gene . The significance of this process for evolutionary biology is that if a gene is under natural selection , most mutations wil...
... The gene pool of a species or a population is the comp...ing member of that species or population. A large gene pool indicates a large genetic diversity , which ...xtinction . When many alleles exist for a given gene or locus , a population is said to be polymorphi...
...onal portion of this molecule is referred to as a gene . Each gene is transcribed into a short template molecule of... which will then be folded into a protein . The gene sequence inscribed in DNA, and in RNA, is composed...
... gene therapy is the insertion of genes into an indiv...ess. Antisense therapy is not strictly a form of gene therapy, but is often lumped together with them. ..."show","hide") 1 Background 2 Types of gene therapy 2.1 Ex vivo 2.2 In vivo ...
...xternal links Lack of pigmentation The gene which results in albinism prevents the body from m...aneous albinism, individuals inherit an "albinism gene " from both parents. Where an individual receives one albinism gene and one normal gene, that person will not show out...
... one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given locus (position) on a chromosome . An example is the gene for blossom color in many species of flower - a single gene controls the color of the petals, but there may be...
... population , or equivalently the richness of its gene pool . Allele frequency is defined as follows: Given a) a particular chromosome locus , b) a gene occupying that locus, c) a population of individu... The frequencies of all the alleles of a given gene often are graphed together as an allele frequency...
...to a modification of the definition of a "gene". Some have proposed that a gene should be considered as a twofold information structure: A DNA sequenc... of coding. Others have noted that it is unnecessary to change the DNA of a gene for the evolution of a new protein. Instead, a new way of regulation coul...
...ntigens, it must produce millions of B lymphoyctes. It is important to note that to produce such a diversity of antigen binding sites with a separate gene for each possible antigen, the immune system would require many more genes than exist in the genome . Instead, as Susumu Tonegawa showed in 1976, ...
...m carried out by human papillomaviruses (HPV), a gene called E6 is expressed in a product that degrade... (IFN-alpha/beta)induce transcription of the p53 gene , resulting in the increase of p53 protein level ...ced-3 and ced-4 . Ron Ellis also identified a gene with an opposite effect: ced-9 . The product of t...
...omes or, less frequently, as gonosomes. Uses An autosomal dominant gene is one on an autosome and is always expressed, even if a single copy exists. The chance is 1:2 for passing this gene to offspring. ...
...plasmid carries a tra and a trb locus , which together are about 33 kb long and consist of about 40 genes . The tra locus includes the pilin gene and controlling genes, which together form pili on the cell surface, polymeric proteins that can attach themselves to the surface of F-negative ...
...his can be significant if different alleles of a gene are present on the different chromosomes; in some ...t evidence suggests that the maternally inherited gene may be imprinted . It is thought that this cons...ion of CpG sites . These changes help inactivate gene expression on the inactive X-chromosome and to br...
... A phylogenetic tree of all living things , based on rRNA gene data, showing the separation of the three domains bacteria , archaea , a...g organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool . This "last universal common ancestor, that is, the most recent comm...
...-Leste, and the United States of America. If the gene is the fundamental unit of natural selection, thus...ganisms . They study processes such as mutations, gene exchanges, and genome dynamics that occur at the D...nd genetic engineering , people are going through gene patenting , processes patenting, and a totally ne...
...t , protein structure prediction , prediction of gene expression and protein-protein interactions , and..."shotgun" DNA sequencing , and the prediction of gene regulation with data from mRNA microarrays or...he huge amounts of DNA data (pictured) produced by gene sequencing projects is just one of the tasks faced...
...fforts are included in some biology department somewhere. To include some: gene regulation , single protein dynamics, bioenergetics, patch clamping , bio... slicing) as well as theoretically (computer models), membrane permitivity, gene therapy, understanding tumors. Pharmacology and physiology - channel ...
...e, following the discovery of a previously unknown gene in the mouse , a scientist typically will perform...uences in the human genome that resemble the mouse gene based on similarity of sequence. BLAST is one ...ller at The Pennsylvania State University , and gene Myers at the University of Arizona . It is avai...
...ombinations of treatments, or new methods such as gene therapy . A clinical trial is one of the final s...rited. Inheriting certain mutations in the BRCA1 gene renders a woman much more likely to develop breas...rry some oncogene or tumor suppressor inactivating gene in their genome . It is impossible to tell the ...
...um in the renal tube cells can lead to polycystic kidney disease (PKD). In another genetic disorder called Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), the mutant gene products are the components in the basal body and cilia. ...
...logy , cloning is used in two contexts: cloning a gene , or cloning an organism . Cloning a gene means to extract a gene from one organism (for example by PCR) and insert ...
...onal portion of this molecule is referred to as a gene . Each gene is transcribed into a short template molecule of... which will then be folded into a protein . The gene sequence inscribed in DNA, and in RNA, is composed...
...or . In biology , the theory of universal common descent proposes that all organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool. A theory of universal common descent based on evolutionary principles was proposed by Charles Darwin in his book The Origin of Species ...
...t , protein structure prediction , prediction of gene expression and protein-protein interactions , and..."shotgun" DNA sequencing , and the prediction of gene regulation with data from mRNA microarrays or...he huge amounts of DNA data (pictured) produced by gene sequencing projects is just one of the tasks faced...
... aspects of culture can best be understood through the concept of the meme , first introduced by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish gene . The idea is that there are units of culture, memes , roughly analogous to genes in evolutionary biology . Although this view has gained some po...
Defective interfering particle
..., DIPs cannot sustain an infection by themselves. Instead, they depend on coinfection with a suitable helper virus. The helper virus provides the gene functions that are absent from the DIPs. ......n aging similar to that of Alzheimer's disease . Another chromosome 21 gene that might predispose Down syndrome individuals to develop Alzheimer's pathology is the gene that encodes the precursor of the amyloid protein . Neurofibrillary tangle...
...tion of other genes and, in turn, these secondary gene products can regulate the expression of still othe...ryo are significantly augmented by new hunchback gene transcription and translation of the resulting zy...selves around the periphery of the cell cytoplasm. gene expression in these nuclei is regulated by the Bic...
...netics , 16 (7), pp. 315-320. (Discusses theories on how mitochondria and chloroplast genes are transferred into the nucleus, and also what steps a gene needs to go through in order to complete this process.) [1] Paul Jarvis (2001), "Intracellular signalling: The chloroplast talks!", Current Biol...
...y even be reversed without affecting its function. Furthermore, an enhancer may be excised and inserted elsewhere in the chromosome, and still affect gene transcription. ...
...omosome inactivation in mammalian females, and gene silencing within an organism. The study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the seque... In both cases, the object of study includes how gene regulatory information that is not expressed in DN...
...hibiting race mixing in an attempt to maintain the gene pool. Eugenic considerations also lay behind the a...sire to exclude "inferior" races from the national gene pool. In the early part of the twentieth century t...were inferior races who would pollute the national gene pool if their numbers went unrestricted. It is arg...
...a change in the frequency of an allele within a gene pool . This change may be caused by a number of di...enetic drift or changes in population structure ( gene flow ). Contents showTocToggle("show","hi... Natural selection 1.3.2 Genetic drift 1.3.3 gene flow 1.4 Microevolution and macroevolution...
Evolutionary developmental biology
...ovelty may arise through several methods including gene duplication and gene regulation. gene duplication allows fixation of a particular cell......tates that under certain conditions (specified below), if a random sample of n gametes is taken from a population and classified according to the gene at a particular locus then the probability that there are a 1 alleles represented once in the sample, and a 2 alleles represented twice, ...
... Exons are the regions of DNA within a gene that are not spliced out and which are retained in the final mRNA mole...ecific portion of the complete protein , however, not all exons in a given gene will end up in the final protein due to the process of alternative splicin...
.... It was originally intended as a way to identify gene transcripts , but has since been instrumental in gene discovery and sequence determination. An EST is pr...ng probes for DNA microarrays used to determine gene expression . External links The NCBI H...
...it is sometimes possible for a deleterious mutation to be spread throughout a population through the effect of genetic drift . A diverse or "deep" gene pool gives a population a higher chance of surviving an adverse change in conditions. Effects that cause or reward a loss in genetic diversity can...
...distributions; rather, they are a random sample, and are thus subject to the same statistical fluctuations (sampling error ). When the alleles of a gene do not differ with regard to fitness, on average the number of carriers in one generation is proportional to the number of carriers in the last. But t...
... gene duplication occurs when an error in DNA replicat...region of DNA containing a (generally functional) gene . The significance of this process for evolutionary biology is that if a gene is under natural selection , most mutations wil...
... The gene pool of a species or a population is the comp...ing member of that species or population. A large gene pool indicates a large genetic diversity , which ...xtinction . When many alleles exist for a given gene or locus , a population is said to be polymorphi...
...onal portion of this molecule is referred to as a gene . Each gene is transcribed into a short template molecule of... which will then be folded into a protein . The gene sequence inscribed in DNA, and in RNA, is composed...
... gene therapy is the insertion of genes into an indiv...ess. Antisense therapy is not strictly a form of gene therapy, but is often lumped together with them. ..."show","hide") 1 Background 2 Types of gene therapy 2.1 Ex vivo 2.2 In vivo ...
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