cell in Biological Definition
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cell in Biological Definition
B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response ).
The abbreviation "B" stands for the bursa of Fabricius which is an organ unique to birds, where B cells mature. It does not (as commonly assumed among immun...
A cytotoxic (or T C ) T cell is a T cell (a type of white blood cell ) which has on its surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens displayed by the Class I MHC molecules of virus infected somatic cells and tumor cells. Once activated by a MHC-antigen complex...
A helper (or T H ) T cell is a T cell (a type of white blood cell ) which has on its surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens displayed by the Class II MHC molecules found on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once bound to an antigen, the T H ce...
A hfr cell (also called hfr strain ) is a bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (often F ) integrated into its genomic DNA. Hfr is the abbreviation for high frequency recombination . Unlike a normal F+ cell, hfr strains will, upon conjugation with a F- cell, attempt to transfer their ...
Memory B cells are B cells that although activated by the immune system, they are stored inside the circulatory system for later use, for long periods of time, possibly a whole lifetime. Like other cells such as helper T cells , killer T cells , and plasma cells they never become directly...
Stem cells are primal, undifferentiated cells which have the unique potential to produce any kind of cell in the body. Many medical researchers believe stem cells have the potential to revolutionize medicine , enabling doctors to repair specific tissues or to grow organs . ...
T cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response . The abbreviation "T" stands for thymus , the organ in which their final stage of development occurs. There are many types of T cells: Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 + ) destroy infected cells. These cells f...
... three-dimensional network inside an eukariotic cell . Actin filaments provide mechanical support for the cell, determine the cell shape, enable cell movements (through pseudopods ); and participate ...
...all cellular life is the sodium-potassium pump , which helps maintain the cell potential . Secondary In secondary active transport, there is no ...um-calcium exchanger or antiporter, which allows three sodium ions into the cell to transport one calcium out. Many cells also posses a calcium ATPase, w...
...int is an undefined heterogeneous group of molecules in solution, such as a cell lysate, growth medium or blood serum. The molecule of interest will have a ...cations, including nucleic acid purification, protein purification from cell free extracts and antibody purification from blood serum . Possibly th...
...'s oxygen atmosphere. They have a prokaryotic cell structure typical of bacteria and conduct photosyn...e Coccoid - individual non-motile cells with cell walls Palmelloid - non-motile cells embedded ...he presence of reproductive organs with protective cell layers, a characteristic not found in the other al...
...genic properties of a chemical compound. A compound is said to be mutagenic if it causes a change in the DNA (deoxyriboneucleic acid) of a living cell or organism. The test is named after its inventor, Bruce Ames . General procedure This assay is carried out using strains of bacteria , gen...
...nd glutamate , as well as carnitine (used in lipid transport within a cell ), ornithine , citrulline , homocysteine , hydroxyproline , hydroxylys...rganisms, such as cone snails . They are also abundant components of the cell walls of bacteria . Reactions Proteins are created by polymerizat...
...be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms like plants and fungi have cells held in place by cell walls , so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and...
...e. Each chromatid moves to opposite poles of the cell (opposite ends of the nuclear spindle ). Anaphas...e opposing pole (overlap microtubules) or with the cell cortex; these are astral microtubules . Anaphas...s on astral microtubules that have attached to the cell cortex. The contributions of anaphase A and anap...
...pin (rifampicin) Drugs which interfere with cell membrane function Polymyxin B, gramicidin ...cellular and molecular physiology of the bacterial cell and that of the mammalian cell. In contrast, despi...and humans, the basic biochemistries of the fungal cell and the mammalian...
...ic antigen. In some cases the interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is also necessary. Structure of the antibody... is the same by all immunoglobulins of the same B cell . Heavy chains γ, α and δ have t...
...contact with skin. Antigens are presented by a cell to its environment via a histocompatibility molec...n generated within the cell, as a result of normal cell metabolism , or because of viral or intracellular...nfection . The fragments are then presented on the cell surface in the complex with class I histocompatib...
...t , in the Netherlands . He is best known for his contribution to improvement of the microscope and his contributions towards the establishment of cell biology . Using his handcrafted microscope he was the first to observe and describe muscle fibres, bacteria , spermatozoa and blood flow in ca...
...pe-2 neuraminidase. If two different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, their protein capsids and lipid envelopes are removed, exposing their RNA , which is then transcribed to DNA . The host cell then forms new viruses that combine antigens; for example, H3N2 and H5N1 ca...
... [1] ) is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD). As such, it is a process of deliberate suicide by an unwanted cell in a multicellular organism . In contrast to necrosis , which is a form of cell death that results from acute tissue injury, apopt...
...e similar to other prokaryotes in most aspects of cell structure and metabolism . However, their genet... apart. Unlike most bacteria, they have a single cell membrane that lacks a peptidoglycan wall. Furt...similarities but runs into difficulties explaining cell structure. External links Archaea A...
...es ). Transmembrane ATPases import many of the metabolites necessary for cell metabolism and export toxins, wastes, and solutes that can hinder cellul...se ), which establishes the ionic concentration balance that maintains the cell potential . Besides exchangers, other categories of transmembrane ATPase ...
... = self and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that produces its own cell mass and organic compounds from carbon dioxide as sole carbon source, usi...rganic molecules) that they use to carry out biological functions including cell growth; and that other organisms (called heterotrophs ) can utilize as ...
... axon , or " nerve fiber ," is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, or " neuron ," which conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma. Axons are in effect the primary transmission lines of the nervous system , and as bundles they help make up nerves . Individual axons...
...e about 33 kb long and consist of about 40 genes . The tra locus includes the pilin gene and controlling genes, which together form pili on the cell surface, polymeric proteins that can attach themselves to the surface of F-negative bacteria and initiate the mating. The pili themselves do not s...
... and molecular genetics . At the level of the cell , it is studied in cell biology and at multicellular scales, it is exam...cells have nuclei or not as well as differences in cell exteriors. There is also a series of intracellular...
...c and mostly unicellular, with a relatively simple cell structure lacking a cell nucleus , cytoskeleton, and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts . Their cell structure is further described in the article abou...
... in each state. In a single-cell organism, one might compare stages of the cell cycle , along with various stress conditions (heat shock, starvation, etc.)...s used to analyze pictures of embryos to track and to predict the fate of cell clusters during morphogenesis . Software tools The computational bi...
...the properties of proteins. The biochemistry of cell metabolism has been extensively described. Other ...enetic code ( DNA , RNA ), protein synthesis , cell membrane transport, and signal transduction . ...of many molecules and metabolic pathways of the cell , such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle (citr...
...brane which acts as a barrier within or around a cell . It is a lipid bilayer , being composed of a do...brane around peroxisomes shields the rest of the cell from peroxides , and the plasma membrane separates a cell from its surrounding medium. Most organelles ar...
...ifferent. Chemistry , molecular biology , and cell biology have much to offer in the way of explainin... biomechanics ranges from the inner workings of a cell to the movement and development of limbs , the v...(striated) Cardiomyocytes are a highly specialized cell type. These involuntarily contracted cells are loc...
... conjunction with muscles ) facilitate movement ; are also involved with cell formation , calcium metabolism , and mineral storage . The bones of an an...known. Other factors present include GAGs , osteocalcin , osteonectin and cell Attachment Factor. Bone development The formation of bone occurs b...
...and electrical impedance . Because an automated cell counter samples and counts so many cells, it gives...imate of the absolute number of each type of white cell can be obtained. Manual counting has the advanta...obin is called anemia .) Hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) - This is the fraction of whole blood...
...ganisms in which fundamental life processes (like cell division and protein synthesis for example) can...ively studied and provided important insights into cell biology. Early botany (before 1945) Among t... Plant tissues , plant growth and the plant cell from Kimball's Biology Pages Botanical Socie...
...s leading to decrements in movement control, memory, and thinking abilities. Currently, only the symptoms of these diseases can be treated, but stem cell research may offer a cure. Mental illnesses , such as clinical depression , schizophrenia , bipolar disorder , and post-traumatic stress disorde...
...a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division and the ability of these cells to invade...eading to aberrant growth regulation of cells. cell multiplication ( proliferation ) is a normal physi... ). Normally the balance between proliferation and cell death is tightly regulated to ensure the integrity...
...te Nomenclature Carbohydrates detailed Carbohydrates Overview Carbohydrates and Glycosylation - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and cell Biology ...
... cell division is the process of a biological cell (called a mother cell ) dividing into two daughter cells . This leads t...
... cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytol...one both on a microscopic and molecular level. cell biology researches both single-celled organisms li...reciating the similarities and differences between cell types is particularly important to the fields of...
A cytotoxic (or T C ) T cell is a T cell (a type of white blood cell ) which has on its surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens displayed by the Class I MHC molecules of virus infected somatic cells and tumor cells. Once activated by a MHC-antigen complex...
A helper (or T H ) T cell is a T cell (a type of white blood cell ) which has on its surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens displayed by the Class II MHC molecules found on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once bound to an antigen, the T H ce...
A hfr cell (also called hfr strain ) is a bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (often F ) integrated into its genomic DNA. Hfr is the abbreviation for high frequency recombination . Unlike a normal F+ cell, hfr strains will, upon conjugation with a F- cell, attempt to transfer their ...
Memory B cells are B cells that although activated by the immune system, they are stored inside the circulatory system for later use, for long periods of time, possibly a whole lifetime. Like other cells such as helper T cells , killer T cells , and plasma cells they never become directly...
Stem cells are primal, undifferentiated cells which have the unique potential to produce any kind of cell in the body. Many medical researchers believe stem cells have the potential to revolutionize medicine , enabling doctors to repair specific tissues or to grow organs . ...
T cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response . The abbreviation "T" stands for thymus , the organ in which their final stage of development occurs. There are many types of T cells: Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 + ) destroy infected cells. These cells f...
... three-dimensional network inside an eukariotic cell . Actin filaments provide mechanical support for the cell, determine the cell shape, enable cell movements (through pseudopods ); and participate ...
...all cellular life is the sodium-potassium pump , which helps maintain the cell potential . Secondary In secondary active transport, there is no ...um-calcium exchanger or antiporter, which allows three sodium ions into the cell to transport one calcium out. Many cells also posses a calcium ATPase, w...
...int is an undefined heterogeneous group of molecules in solution, such as a cell lysate, growth medium or blood serum. The molecule of interest will have a ...cations, including nucleic acid purification, protein purification from cell free extracts and antibody purification from blood serum . Possibly th...
...'s oxygen atmosphere. They have a prokaryotic cell structure typical of bacteria and conduct photosyn...e Coccoid - individual non-motile cells with cell walls Palmelloid - non-motile cells embedded ...he presence of reproductive organs with protective cell layers, a characteristic not found in the other al...
...genic properties of a chemical compound. A compound is said to be mutagenic if it causes a change in the DNA (deoxyriboneucleic acid) of a living cell or organism. The test is named after its inventor, Bruce Ames . General procedure This assay is carried out using strains of bacteria , gen...
...nd glutamate , as well as carnitine (used in lipid transport within a cell ), ornithine , citrulline , homocysteine , hydroxyproline , hydroxylys...rganisms, such as cone snails . They are also abundant components of the cell walls of bacteria . Reactions Proteins are created by polymerizat...
...be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms like plants and fungi have cells held in place by cell walls , so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and...
...e. Each chromatid moves to opposite poles of the cell (opposite ends of the nuclear spindle ). Anaphas...e opposing pole (overlap microtubules) or with the cell cortex; these are astral microtubules . Anaphas...s on astral microtubules that have attached to the cell cortex. The contributions of anaphase A and anap...
...pin (rifampicin) Drugs which interfere with cell membrane function Polymyxin B, gramicidin ...cellular and molecular physiology of the bacterial cell and that of the mammalian cell. In contrast, despi...and humans, the basic biochemistries of the fungal cell and the mammalian...
...ic antigen. In some cases the interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is also necessary. Structure of the antibody... is the same by all immunoglobulins of the same B cell . Heavy chains γ, α and δ have t...
...contact with skin. Antigens are presented by a cell to its environment via a histocompatibility molec...n generated within the cell, as a result of normal cell metabolism , or because of viral or intracellular...nfection . The fragments are then presented on the cell surface in the complex with class I histocompatib...
...t , in the Netherlands . He is best known for his contribution to improvement of the microscope and his contributions towards the establishment of cell biology . Using his handcrafted microscope he was the first to observe and describe muscle fibres, bacteria , spermatozoa and blood flow in ca...
...pe-2 neuraminidase. If two different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, their protein capsids and lipid envelopes are removed, exposing their RNA , which is then transcribed to DNA . The host cell then forms new viruses that combine antigens; for example, H3N2 and H5N1 ca...
... [1] ) is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD). As such, it is a process of deliberate suicide by an unwanted cell in a multicellular organism . In contrast to necrosis , which is a form of cell death that results from acute tissue injury, apopt...
...e similar to other prokaryotes in most aspects of cell structure and metabolism . However, their genet... apart. Unlike most bacteria, they have a single cell membrane that lacks a peptidoglycan wall. Furt...similarities but runs into difficulties explaining cell structure. External links Archaea A...
...es ). Transmembrane ATPases import many of the metabolites necessary for cell metabolism and export toxins, wastes, and solutes that can hinder cellul...se ), which establishes the ionic concentration balance that maintains the cell potential . Besides exchangers, other categories of transmembrane ATPase ...
... = self and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that produces its own cell mass and organic compounds from carbon dioxide as sole carbon source, usi...rganic molecules) that they use to carry out biological functions including cell growth; and that other organisms (called heterotrophs ) can utilize as ...
... axon , or " nerve fiber ," is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, or " neuron ," which conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma. Axons are in effect the primary transmission lines of the nervous system , and as bundles they help make up nerves . Individual axons...
...e about 33 kb long and consist of about 40 genes . The tra locus includes the pilin gene and controlling genes, which together form pili on the cell surface, polymeric proteins that can attach themselves to the surface of F-negative bacteria and initiate the mating. The pili themselves do not s...
... and molecular genetics . At the level of the cell , it is studied in cell biology and at multicellular scales, it is exam...cells have nuclei or not as well as differences in cell exteriors. There is also a series of intracellular...
...c and mostly unicellular, with a relatively simple cell structure lacking a cell nucleus , cytoskeleton, and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts . Their cell structure is further described in the article abou...
... in each state. In a single-cell organism, one might compare stages of the cell cycle , along with various stress conditions (heat shock, starvation, etc.)...s used to analyze pictures of embryos to track and to predict the fate of cell clusters during morphogenesis . Software tools The computational bi...
...the properties of proteins. The biochemistry of cell metabolism has been extensively described. Other ...enetic code ( DNA , RNA ), protein synthesis , cell membrane transport, and signal transduction . ...of many molecules and metabolic pathways of the cell , such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle (citr...
...brane which acts as a barrier within or around a cell . It is a lipid bilayer , being composed of a do...brane around peroxisomes shields the rest of the cell from peroxides , and the plasma membrane separates a cell from its surrounding medium. Most organelles ar...
...ifferent. Chemistry , molecular biology , and cell biology have much to offer in the way of explainin... biomechanics ranges from the inner workings of a cell to the movement and development of limbs , the v...(striated) Cardiomyocytes are a highly specialized cell type. These involuntarily contracted cells are loc...
... conjunction with muscles ) facilitate movement ; are also involved with cell formation , calcium metabolism , and mineral storage . The bones of an an...known. Other factors present include GAGs , osteocalcin , osteonectin and cell Attachment Factor. Bone development The formation of bone occurs b...
...and electrical impedance . Because an automated cell counter samples and counts so many cells, it gives...imate of the absolute number of each type of white cell can be obtained. Manual counting has the advanta...obin is called anemia .) Hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) - This is the fraction of whole blood...
...ganisms in which fundamental life processes (like cell division and protein synthesis for example) can...ively studied and provided important insights into cell biology. Early botany (before 1945) Among t... Plant tissues , plant growth and the plant cell from Kimball's Biology Pages Botanical Socie...
...s leading to decrements in movement control, memory, and thinking abilities. Currently, only the symptoms of these diseases can be treated, but stem cell research may offer a cure. Mental illnesses , such as clinical depression , schizophrenia , bipolar disorder , and post-traumatic stress disorde...
...a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division and the ability of these cells to invade...eading to aberrant growth regulation of cells. cell multiplication ( proliferation ) is a normal physi... ). Normally the balance between proliferation and cell death is tightly regulated to ensure the integrity...
...te Nomenclature Carbohydrates detailed Carbohydrates Overview Carbohydrates and Glycosylation - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and cell Biology ...
... cell division is the process of a biological cell (called a mother cell ) dividing into two daughter cells . This leads t...
... cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytol...one both on a microscopic and molecular level. cell biology researches both single-celled organisms li...reciating the similarities and differences between cell types is particularly important to the fields of...
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(Date:12/2/2009)..., Ind. ╤ A Smoky Mountain forest,s woodland ...role in how forest understories recover from loggi...espite heavy logging in portions of the forest nea...nts on the secondary forest floor was similar to t...e assistant professor of forestry and natural reso...
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