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act in Biological Definition
...e NH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -NH 2
1.3·10 -10 M
Butylamine CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -NH 2
0.15·10 -10 M
Like ammonia, amines act as bases and are reasonably strong (see table for examples of conjugate acid K a values). The nitrogen atom has a lone electron pair available which...
...Orthomyxoviridae family and are negative-stranded, segmented RNA viruses . Avian influenza spreads in the air and in manure . Wild fowl often act as resistant carriers , spreading it to more susceptible domestic stocks. It can also be transmitted by contaminated feed, water, equipment and clot...
... harmful and useful to the environment , and animals , including humans . The role of bacteria in disease and infection is important. Some bacteria act as pathogens and cause tetanus , typhoid fever , pneumonia , syphilis , cholera , foodborne illness and tuberculosis . Sepsis , a systemic...
... precise details demand the use of Continuum Mechanics . Some simple examples of biomechanics research include the investigation of the forces that act on limbs, the aerodynamics of bird and insect flight , the hydrodynamics of swimming in fish and locomotion in general across all forms...
...nufacture hormones such as prostaglandin which act on bone itself. Osteoblasts are mononucleate. Acti...maintenance and calcium homeostasis. They possibly act as mechano-sensory receptors - regulating the bone...hosphate deposition. The vesicles then rupture and act as a centre for crystals to grow on. The organic...
...r of its originator and after the butchering the blood was sprinkled on the walls, on the statues of the gods and on the participants themselves. This act of sprinkling blood was called bleodsian in Old English and the terminology was borrowed by the Catholic Church becoming to bless and blessin...
...ichens , which are sensitive to atmospheric conditions, have been extenisvely used as pollution indicators So in many different ways, plants can act a bit like the ' miners canary ', an early warning system alerting us to important changes in our environment. In addition to these practical and sc...
... Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon ) are chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy , other forms being fat and protein . Relatively complex carbohydrates are known ...
... part of cell metabolism occurs here. Proteins within the cytosol play an important role in signal transduction pathways, glycolysis , and they act as intracellular receptors and ribosomes . In prokaryotes, all chemical reactions take place in the cytosol. In eukaryotes , the cytosol contains ...
... concentrations of glucose, amino acids and minerals are either similar to those of normal plasma to prevent loss, or higher than those of plasma to act as nutrient supplements. If a strong glucose solution is used, osmosis of water from plasma would occur. Dialysis is conducted in a dedicated facil...
... Drug abuse Drug policy of the Netherlands Medication Narcotic Illegal drug trade Route of administration 1971 Misuse of Drugs act Placebo effect Prohibition (drugs) Recreational drug use Responsible drug use Responsible Drug User's Oath Pregnancy category ...
...nsect moulting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone . Insect moulting hormones (ecdysone and its homologues) are generally called ecdysteroids . Ecdysteroids act as moulting hormones of arthropods but also occur in other invertebrates where they can play different role. Ecdysteroids also appear in many plants m...
... the resulting denatured proteins have an overall negative charge, and all the proteins have a similar charge to mass ratio. Since denatured proteins act like they were long rods instead of having a complex tertiary shape, the rate at which the resulting SDS coated proteins migrate in the gel is relativ...
...centration-dependent fashion. Morphogens typically act through binding to specific protein receptors . A...such as Bicoid can be described as morphogens that act within the syncytial blastoderm of the early Dr...hese intracellular morphogens enter the nuclei and act as transcription factors to control expression of ...
...s of the cell. They utilize enzymes to break down macromolecules and also act as a waste disposal system. Vacuoles act as storage units in some cells. Vesicles are small membrane-enclosed tr...
...omeric protein made up of about hundred amino acids or more, or an oligomeric protein consisting of several monomers, different or identical, that act together as a unit. As with any protein, each monomer is actually produced as a long, linear chain of amino acids , which folds in a particular fashi...
... harmful and useful to the environment , and animals , including humans . The role of bacteria in disease and infection is important. Some bacteria act as pathogens and cause tetanus , typhoid fever , pneumonia , syphilis , cholera , foodborne illness and tuberculosis . Sepsis , a systemic...
...s (notably Thomas Hunt Morgan ). In 1924 , the Immigration Restriction act was passed, with eugenicists for the first time playing a central role in ...control the proportion of "unfit" individuals entering the country. The new act strengthened the existing laws prohibiting race mixing in an attempt to mai...
... the basal body, passing through protein rings in the cell's membranes that act as bearings. Gram-positive organisms have 2 basal body rings, one in the ... multiple flagella located at the same spot on the bacteria's surface which act in concert to drive the bacteria in a single direction. Amphitrichous bacte...
...thesize organic molecules from inorganic substances (as plants do). They feed by secreting exoenzymes into the surrounding substrate . Exoenzymes act like the digestive enzymes of animals , breaking apart large organic molecules, but function outside the organism. The smaller organic molecules ar...
...opies are practically never identical. With respect to each gene, the copies that an individual possesses are liable to be distinct alleles, which may act synergistically or antagonistically to generate a trait or phenotype . The ways that gene copies interact are explained by chemical dominance relat...
... the resulting denatured proteins have an overall negative charge, and all the proteins have a similar charge to mass ratio. Since denatured proteins act like they were long rods instead of having a complex tertiary shape, the rate at which the resulting SDS coated proteins migrate in the gel is relativ...
...nes are the chief proteins of chromatin . They act as spools around which DNA winds and they play a...e DNA even more tightly. Functions Histones act as spools around which DNA winds and they play a r...es of eukaryotes inside cell nuclei. Histones act in gene regulation . Histones can undergo posttr...
...e specificity of a single homeodomain protein is usually not enough to recognize only its desired target genes. Most of the time, homeodomain proteins act in the promoter region of their target genes as complexes with other transcription factors, often also homeodomain proteins. Such complexes have a muc...
... and atmospheric temperature climbs, the phytoplankton of the ocean surface waters thrive and produce more dimethyl sulfide , DMS. The DMS molecules act as cloud condensation nuclei which produce more clouds and thus increase the atmospheric albedo and lower the temperature of the atmosphere. ...
...whenever an agent does anything intelligently, his act is preceded and steered by another internal act of considering a regulative proposition appropriat... say that for the ..[agent's].. reflections how to act to be intelligent he must first reflect how best t...
...cosanoids ): prostaglandins leukotrienes prostacyclin thromboxane One special group of hormones are trophic hormones that act as stimulants of hormone production of other endocrine glands . For example: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) causes growth and increased activity ...
... still different reaction even in that same person. Whole milk contains considerable fat while skimmed milk has much less. It is a continual balancing act for all diabetics, especially for those taking insulin. Types Medical preparations of insulin (from the major suppliers – Eli Lilly and...
...ts allow a wide variety of movement, but not much distance. Hinge joints , such as the elbow (between the humerus and the ulna ). These joints act like a door hinge , allowing flexion and extension in just one plane. Pivot joints , such as the elbow (between the radius and the ulna ). ...
...ins. But human cells need a way to select the appropriate recipes for the current ambient conditions. For this humans need regulator molecules that act like factory foremen. They monitor the environment and use the information to signal to the cell. An enhancer tells the cell to crank up production of...
...bility to create entities that are similar to itself Response to stimuli - the ability to measure properties of its surrounding environment , and act upon certain conditions. These criteria are not without their uses, but their disparate nature makes them unsatisfactory from a number of perspect...
... A Lipase is a water - soluble enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in waterinsoluble, lipid substrates. Most lipases act at a specific position on the glycerol backbone of a lipid substrate (A1, A2 or A3). In the example of human pancreatic lipase (HPL), which is the ...
... that rise from the deeps. Fish and other sea life use these as congregating areas, for spawning, and feeding. Hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor act as oases for life, as do their opposites, cold seeps . These places support unique biomes and many new microbes have been discovered at these place...
...centration-dependent fashion. Morphogens typically act through binding to specific protein receptors . A...such as Bicoid can be described as morphogens that act within the syncytial blastoderm of the early Dr...hese intracellular morphogens enter the nuclei and act as transcription factors to control expression of ...
...for small-molecule synaptic vesicles. Post-synaptic effect A neurotransmitter's effect is determined by its receptor. For example, GABA can act as a rapid or slow inhibitor , depending on whether an ionotropic or metabotropic receptor is the target of the molecule. Small molecule transmitters...
...r all three of these. Other important ideas are: Overloading , in which for example addition , say, is thought of as a single operator able to act on numbers, vectors, matrices ... . Operators are often in practice just partial functions , a common phenomenon in the theory of differential equ...
... is about to produce eggs. The reason the animals act this way is due to their hormonal cycles, which cause some to act as males when levels of estrogen are low, and othe...emale when estrogen levels are high. Lizards that act out the courtship ritual have greater fecundity ...
...ir vibrations. Such movement can be described by the Fluid Mosaic Model , which basically describes the membrane as a "mosaic" of lipid molecules that act as a solvent for all the substances and proteins within it, so proteins and lipid molecules are basically free to diffuse laterally through the lipid ...
...s, etc. to convince yourself that they are still there; falling down while walking, especially when attention is focused upon something other than the act of walking (e.g., looking at a person who started talking or reading a billboard). The proprioceptive sense can become confused because humans will ...
...Orthomyxoviridae family and are negative-stranded, segmented RNA viruses . Avian influenza spreads in the air and in manure . Wild fowl often act as resistant carriers , spreading it to more susceptible domestic stocks. It can also be transmitted by contaminated feed, water, equipment and clot...
... harmful and useful to the environment , and animals , including humans . The role of bacteria in disease and infection is important. Some bacteria act as pathogens and cause tetanus , typhoid fever , pneumonia , syphilis , cholera , foodborne illness and tuberculosis . Sepsis , a systemic...
... precise details demand the use of Continuum Mechanics . Some simple examples of biomechanics research include the investigation of the forces that act on limbs, the aerodynamics of bird and insect flight , the hydrodynamics of swimming in fish and locomotion in general across all forms...
...nufacture hormones such as prostaglandin which act on bone itself. Osteoblasts are mononucleate. Acti...maintenance and calcium homeostasis. They possibly act as mechano-sensory receptors - regulating the bone...hosphate deposition. The vesicles then rupture and act as a centre for crystals to grow on. The organic...
...r of its originator and after the butchering the blood was sprinkled on the walls, on the statues of the gods and on the participants themselves. This act of sprinkling blood was called bleodsian in Old English and the terminology was borrowed by the Catholic Church becoming to bless and blessin...
...ichens , which are sensitive to atmospheric conditions, have been extenisvely used as pollution indicators So in many different ways, plants can act a bit like the ' miners canary ', an early warning system alerting us to important changes in our environment. In addition to these practical and sc...
... Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon ) are chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy , other forms being fat and protein . Relatively complex carbohydrates are known ...
... part of cell metabolism occurs here. Proteins within the cytosol play an important role in signal transduction pathways, glycolysis , and they act as intracellular receptors and ribosomes . In prokaryotes, all chemical reactions take place in the cytosol. In eukaryotes , the cytosol contains ...
... concentrations of glucose, amino acids and minerals are either similar to those of normal plasma to prevent loss, or higher than those of plasma to act as nutrient supplements. If a strong glucose solution is used, osmosis of water from plasma would occur. Dialysis is conducted in a dedicated facil...
... Drug abuse Drug policy of the Netherlands Medication Narcotic Illegal drug trade Route of administration 1971 Misuse of Drugs act Placebo effect Prohibition (drugs) Recreational drug use Responsible drug use Responsible Drug User's Oath Pregnancy category ...
...nsect moulting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone . Insect moulting hormones (ecdysone and its homologues) are generally called ecdysteroids . Ecdysteroids act as moulting hormones of arthropods but also occur in other invertebrates where they can play different role. Ecdysteroids also appear in many plants m...
... the resulting denatured proteins have an overall negative charge, and all the proteins have a similar charge to mass ratio. Since denatured proteins act like they were long rods instead of having a complex tertiary shape, the rate at which the resulting SDS coated proteins migrate in the gel is relativ...
...centration-dependent fashion. Morphogens typically act through binding to specific protein receptors . A...such as Bicoid can be described as morphogens that act within the syncytial blastoderm of the early Dr...hese intracellular morphogens enter the nuclei and act as transcription factors to control expression of ...
...s of the cell. They utilize enzymes to break down macromolecules and also act as a waste disposal system. Vacuoles act as storage units in some cells. Vesicles are small membrane-enclosed tr...
...omeric protein made up of about hundred amino acids or more, or an oligomeric protein consisting of several monomers, different or identical, that act together as a unit. As with any protein, each monomer is actually produced as a long, linear chain of amino acids , which folds in a particular fashi...
... harmful and useful to the environment , and animals , including humans . The role of bacteria in disease and infection is important. Some bacteria act as pathogens and cause tetanus , typhoid fever , pneumonia , syphilis , cholera , foodborne illness and tuberculosis . Sepsis , a systemic...
...s (notably Thomas Hunt Morgan ). In 1924 , the Immigration Restriction act was passed, with eugenicists for the first time playing a central role in ...control the proportion of "unfit" individuals entering the country. The new act strengthened the existing laws prohibiting race mixing in an attempt to mai...
Evolutionary developmental biology
...morphological diversity, since variations in the level, pattern, or timing of gene expression , may provide more variation for natural selection to act upon, than changes in the gene product alone. References Sean B. Carroll, 2000 , "Endless forms: the evolution of gene regulation and morphol...... the basal body, passing through protein rings in the cell's membranes that act as bearings. Gram-positive organisms have 2 basal body rings, one in the ... multiple flagella located at the same spot on the bacteria's surface which act in concert to drive the bacteria in a single direction. Amphitrichous bacte...
...thesize organic molecules from inorganic substances (as plants do). They feed by secreting exoenzymes into the surrounding substrate . Exoenzymes act like the digestive enzymes of animals , breaking apart large organic molecules, but function outside the organism. The smaller organic molecules ar...
...opies are practically never identical. With respect to each gene, the copies that an individual possesses are liable to be distinct alleles, which may act synergistically or antagonistically to generate a trait or phenotype . The ways that gene copies interact are explained by chemical dominance relat...
... the resulting denatured proteins have an overall negative charge, and all the proteins have a similar charge to mass ratio. Since denatured proteins act like they were long rods instead of having a complex tertiary shape, the rate at which the resulting SDS coated proteins migrate in the gel is relativ...
...nes are the chief proteins of chromatin . They act as spools around which DNA winds and they play a...e DNA even more tightly. Functions Histones act as spools around which DNA winds and they play a r...es of eukaryotes inside cell nuclei. Histones act in gene regulation . Histones can undergo posttr...
...e specificity of a single homeodomain protein is usually not enough to recognize only its desired target genes. Most of the time, homeodomain proteins act in the promoter region of their target genes as complexes with other transcription factors, often also homeodomain proteins. Such complexes have a muc...
... and atmospheric temperature climbs, the phytoplankton of the ocean surface waters thrive and produce more dimethyl sulfide , DMS. The DMS molecules act as cloud condensation nuclei which produce more clouds and thus increase the atmospheric albedo and lower the temperature of the atmosphere. ...
...whenever an agent does anything intelligently, his act is preceded and steered by another internal act of considering a regulative proposition appropriat... say that for the ..[agent's].. reflections how to act to be intelligent he must first reflect how best t...
...cosanoids ): prostaglandins leukotrienes prostacyclin thromboxane One special group of hormones are trophic hormones that act as stimulants of hormone production of other endocrine glands . For example: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) causes growth and increased activity ...
... still different reaction even in that same person. Whole milk contains considerable fat while skimmed milk has much less. It is a continual balancing act for all diabetics, especially for those taking insulin. Types Medical preparations of insulin (from the major suppliers – Eli Lilly and...
...ts allow a wide variety of movement, but not much distance. Hinge joints , such as the elbow (between the humerus and the ulna ). These joints act like a door hinge , allowing flexion and extension in just one plane. Pivot joints , such as the elbow (between the radius and the ulna ). ...
...ins. But human cells need a way to select the appropriate recipes for the current ambient conditions. For this humans need regulator molecules that act like factory foremen. They monitor the environment and use the information to signal to the cell. An enhancer tells the cell to crank up production of...
...bility to create entities that are similar to itself Response to stimuli - the ability to measure properties of its surrounding environment , and act upon certain conditions. These criteria are not without their uses, but their disparate nature makes them unsatisfactory from a number of perspect...
... A Lipase is a water - soluble enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in waterinsoluble, lipid substrates. Most lipases act at a specific position on the glycerol backbone of a lipid substrate (A1, A2 or A3). In the example of human pancreatic lipase (HPL), which is the ...
... that rise from the deeps. Fish and other sea life use these as congregating areas, for spawning, and feeding. Hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor act as oases for life, as do their opposites, cold seeps . These places support unique biomes and many new microbes have been discovered at these place...
...centration-dependent fashion. Morphogens typically act through binding to specific protein receptors . A...such as Bicoid can be described as morphogens that act within the syncytial blastoderm of the early Dr...hese intracellular morphogens enter the nuclei and act as transcription factors to control expression of ...
...for small-molecule synaptic vesicles. Post-synaptic effect A neurotransmitter's effect is determined by its receptor. For example, GABA can act as a rapid or slow inhibitor , depending on whether an ionotropic or metabotropic receptor is the target of the molecule. Small molecule transmitters...
...r all three of these. Other important ideas are: Overloading , in which for example addition , say, is thought of as a single operator able to act on numbers, vectors, matrices ... . Operators are often in practice just partial functions , a common phenomenon in the theory of differential equ...
... is about to produce eggs. The reason the animals act this way is due to their hormonal cycles, which cause some to act as males when levels of estrogen are low, and othe...emale when estrogen levels are high. Lizards that act out the courtship ritual have greater fecundity ...
...ir vibrations. Such movement can be described by the Fluid Mosaic Model , which basically describes the membrane as a "mosaic" of lipid molecules that act as a solvent for all the substances and proteins within it, so proteins and lipid molecules are basically free to diffuse laterally through the lipid ...
...s, etc. to convince yourself that they are still there; falling down while walking, especially when attention is focused upon something other than the act of walking (e.g., looking at a person who started talking or reading a billboard). The proprioceptive sense can become confused because humans will ...
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