Dissecting the machinery of nicotine's reward
... Faure of Institut Pasteur and CNRS and colleagues revealed key details of how nicotine stimulates neurons that are an integral part of the reward circuitry. They also found that the same circuitry is involved in triggering exploratory and novelty-seeking behaviors. Their findings bring us a step closer to un...Coming soon: 3-D imaging that flies 'through' and 'around' cancer
...tic value was demonstrated in one case in which it revealed a cancer lesion that had not been detected by PET, CT or PET/CT imaging. "This one case shows the potential synergistic enhancement of both PET and CT when rendered into three dimensions," said Quon. PET and CT are standard imaging tools that can b...HIV-1's high virulence might be an accident of evolution
...he symptoms associated with AIDS. The evidence now revealed by an international team of researchers is the first to offer an explanation for this striking difference. The group found that a viral protein earlier shown to help the virus evade the immune system, thereby allowing the SIVs that infect monkeys to...Himalayan forests disappearing
...late computer cursors for fruit juice rewards have revealed that the brain's "executive" center plans behaviors not by specifying movements required for given actions, but rather the events that will result from those actions. The distinction is significant, said the researchers, because it yields new basic ...The brain's executive is an 'event planner'
...late computer cursors for fruit juice rewards have revealed that the brain's "executive" center plans behaviors not by specifying movements required for given actions, but rather the events that will result from those actions. The distinction is significant, said the researchers, because it yields new basic ...New research examines genetics of successful aging
...cientific studies." While previous research has revealed that genes make important contributions to exceptional longevity, the goal of this study was to identify regions of the human genome that contributed, along with lifestyle factors, to reaching age 90 with preserved cognition. The study involved 100...A new look at the state of the oceans
...dentification. In many regions, genetic tools have revealed that species diversity is much higher than previously thought. Especially in marine systems, the term 'diversity' not only describes the distinction between biological species, but also refers to the divergence within established species. This leads ...Computational analysis shows that plant hormones often go it alone
...," explains Hong. The Salk researchers' analysis revealed that surprisingly few genes were switched on by multiple hormones. And when more than one hormone did initiate a similar program, such as activating genes encoding proteins called "expansins" that loosen plant cell walls to allow for growth, the inve...Recombination protein dynamics observed with single monomer resolution
...the molecule or its change in size. The technique revealed intricate details of how RecA nucleates to form a filament, how the filament changes shape, and how the filament removes proteins from DNA. "Contrary to our initial expectations, both ends of the RecA filament continually grow and shrink, but a high...Molecular DNA switch found to be the same for all life
...single-particle electron microscopy. Their images revealed for the first time how the ORC when bound to ATP forms a AAA+ helical structure much like the DnaA superhelix found by Berger and his team in their E.coli study. "This work provides the first view of the mechanical transitions in ORC driven by ATP...Brighter future for giant panda?
...e national surveys were carried out. The first two revealed alarming evidence of declines numbers of giant pandas. However, the most recent survey, carried out in 2002, showed the first evidence of a recovery, thanks largely to protection measures taken by the Chinese government including a network of natural...Scientists discover why cornea is transparent and free of blood vessels, allowing vision
...any decades. And, while some previous studies have revealed small clues, none have pointed to one major mechanism, until this study. In most other tissues of the body, blood vessel growth or angiogenesis occurs in response to a need for increased blood flow to heal an injured or infected area. The immune sy...'Sticky' mice lead to discovery of new cause of neurodegenerative disease
.... Molecular studies by Schimmel and his colleagues revealed that the defect in the sti mutant mouse occurred in a region of the synthetase enzyme that "edits" the loading of the correct amino acid, alanine, onto its carrier tRNA. This editing enables the enzyme to reject incorrect amino acids. The resea...When the going gets tough, slime molds start synthesizing
...these deduced genetic blueprints for type III PKSs revealed each Dictyostelium type III PKS to be fused to other enzymatically active protein domains. This never seen before hybrid arrangement works like a very efficient bucket brigade that synthesizes polyketide molecules in slime mold cells. "Nature has...New egg freezing technique offers hope to hundreds of women
...tional methods of slow freezing and rapid thawing, revealed the consequences of freezing on fertilisation, subsequent initial cell division (cleavage) and embryo quality. Out of 337 thawed eggs, 263 survived (78%), 221 were fertilised using ICSI (67.9%), 116 underwent cleavage up to the second day (77.3%), 92...Nicotine exposure during development leads to hearing problems
... demonstrated this causal link. Further tests then revealed that the probable cause of the deficits was damage to the receptors in the brain that are sensitive to nicotine, which seems to occur when humans or animals are exposed to the substance during development. The study appears this week in the early onl...Researchers uncover new mechanism of tumor suppressor
...ent of Biological Sciences at Stanford University, revealed the significance of a novel function of the recently discovered tumor-suppressive molecule, which is thought to inhibit cancer formation and growth. These findings highlight a new mechanism to regulate gene expression programs that allow for appropri...FSU biologists uncover mechanisms that shape cells for better or worse
...n 2004, Deng led a Drosophila oogenesis study that revealed mechanisms of cell-to-cell signaling along other key pathways. Those findings were published in the 2005 editions of the journal Development. The current study -- "Dystroglycan down-regulation links EGFR signaling and anterior-posterior polarity fo...Scientists discover a genetic code for organizing DNA within the nucleus
...es have something in common. Mathematical analysis revealed similarities between the nucleosome-bound sequences and eventually uncovered a specific "code word." This "code word" consists of a periodic signal that appears every 10 bases on the sequence. The regular repetition of this signal helps the DNA segme...... an analysis of the chimpanzee genome sequence has revealed that three key genes involved in inflammation have been deleted in the chimpanzee genome, possibly explaining some of the known differences between immune and inflammatory responses of chimps and humans. Identifying these genes gives researchers a mo...