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Tag: "exist" at biology news

Scientists identify molecular structure of key viral protein

...longs to a group of fusion proteins (class I) that exist in two states: the metastable or pre-fusion state and the post-fusion state. This is only the second time that both the pre- and post-fusion structures have been determined for a class I viral fusion protein. The first was for the influenza virus, co...

Lack of basic research putting patients at risk

...But in the field of neurology alone, many examples exist where a lack of basic data is the main barrier for effective treatment in routine practice. For instance, little is known about the reliability of diagnosing stroke and, until very recently, no reliable data existed on the early risk of stroke in ce...

New mechanism for essential genome-wide gene silencing identified

...n gene repression, so it makes sense that it might exist in an either/or relationship with acetylation or ubiquitylation." Another observation made during the study was that slightly higher levels of sumoylation occur near the tips of the chromosomes, the telomeres, which are known to play a central role ...

When good DNA goes bad

... formation of Z-DNA is naturally occurring and can exist in the genome, the scientists next want to understand why cells can sometimes process the structure without creating double-stranded breaks. They also want to know why certain places in the genome become "hot spots" for these breaks, while other se...

Animals can change genes quickly to keep up with viral ingenuity

... virus-host arms race because RNAi pathways--which exist in both plants and animals--participate in molecular defenses against viruses by homing in on viral genetic material and directing its enzymatic destruction. Viruses can evolve quickly to out-maneuver RNAi mechanisms, but hosts would be expected to r...

Anthrax spores may survive water treatment

... percent of other waterborne pathogens that do not exist as spores," says Calomiris. Higher concentrations of chlorine were much more effective. At 5mg/L (a concentration that might be used by treatment systems during periods when drinking water is turbid) 97 percent of spores were killed after one hour...

MIT: Oceans are a major gene swap-meet for plankton

...esearch, tiny Prochlorococcus wasn't even known to exist two decades ago. It was discovered in 1985 during ..., are the massive numbers of viruses also known to exist in seawater, some of which are adept at infecting ocean microbes such as Prochlorococcus. Such virus...

Scientists discover interplay between genes and viruses in tiny ocean plankton

..., are the massive numbers of viruses also known to exist in seawater. Some of them are adept at infecting ocean microbes like Prochlorococcus, the sea's most abundant plankton species. The ocean viruses, which carry their own genes as well as transport others, provide a way of transferring genes from old c...

Genetic and environmental influences on alcohol consumption among rhesus monkeys

...mponent of resemblance or non-resemblance that may exist among relatives. "Additive genetic effects account for 20 percent of the total variation, leaving 20 percent of the variance attributable to 'residual environmental effects' not accounted for by the experimental treatments and covariates identifie...

'Accelerated evolution' converts RNA enzyme to DNA enzyme in vitro

... This means that similar evolutionary pathways may exist between other classes of nucleic acid-like molecules. These findings could help answer some fundamental questions concerning the basic structure of life and how it evolved over time." As Francis Crick, the Nobel laureate who, along with James Watso...

Satellites show Amazon parks, indigenous reserves stop forest clearing

...n. The idea that many parks in the tropics only exist 'on paper' must be re-examined as must the notion that indigenous reserves are less effective than parks in protecting nature." While previous studies had queried park managers about reserve performance, this study is the first to evaluate the ...

Ocean 'dead zones' trigger sex changes in fish, posing extinction threat

...ates nearly 150 permanent and recurring dead zones exist worldwide, including 43 in U.S. coastal waters. In the Gulf of Mexico, for instance, a dead zone the size of New Jersey, some 7,000 square miles, develops each summer. Other affected areas of the United States include coastal Florida and California...

Clawed frog helps Fanconi anemia research make leaps

...abs to isolate several of the dozen genes known to exist in the Fanconi pathway. "Really, there are not a whole lot of labs using the Xenopus extract approach yet," Stone said. "There are so many experiments we'd like to do now." For example, Alexandra Sobeck, Ph.D., the study's other co-lead author and ...

Human trial proves ricin vaccine safe, induces neutralizing antibodies; further tests planned

...able ?more than 50,000 tons of castor bean extract exist around the world as a byproduct of castor oil production ?public health officials warn that ricin could be used for terrorism. Indeed, there have been several incidents in recent years involving the toxin in the United States and Europe. The CDC clas...

Serious adverse reactions to smallpox vaccine appear to be limited

...orldwide, there is concern that smallpox virus may exist outside the World Health Organization−designated repository laboratories and may be used as a bioweapon. Detection of a smallpox case could represent an intentional bioterrorism event requiring an immediate, coordinated response by public heal...

'Good' bacteria could save patients from infection infection by deadlier ones

...pitals in which harmless bacteria would be free to exist and there would be no environmental "incentive" for the more virulent strains to develop. Any patients needing antibiotics would be transferred to hospitals where they are in use. Doctors in the antibiotic-free hospitals would not enter and treat pat...

Biologists discover new pathway into plant cells

...ut the same process had never before been shown to exist in plant cells, which have been evolving separately from animals for hundreds of millions of years. With a new delivery mechanism such as this, applied research could be done either to help or harm plant cells ?by increasing or controlling their gro...

Novel enzyme offers new look at gene regulation

...ge numbers of JmjC domain-containing proteins that exist in diverse organisms ranging from yeast to human, our discovery will keep many people in the field busy for the years to come," said Zhang. ...

Molecular research suggest shift needed in how some drugs are created

...researchers at Dallas Southwestern cannot possibly exist in humans, because of bad steric interactions that preclude the formation of this particular complex," Nair said. Steric interactions refer to contacts that result when two protein molecules bind with each other. Bad interactions mean that the prote...

Novel protein complex enables survival in hostile environment

...o on earth. "These two processes apparently cannot exist within one living cell, because the reduction of sulfate produces sulfite as an intermediate, which damages an essential component of the methane production machinery," Mukhopadhyay said. "Consequently, sulfite kills most methanogens." However, ear...

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