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Tag: "chromosomes" at biology news

'Signature' of chromosome instability predicts cancer outcomes

...gene replication, and other factors that can cause chromosomes to break and bits of DNA to be lost, duplicated or...s damage, but when the repair process breaks down, chromosomes become unstable and cancers are more likely to develop. Chromosomal instability leads to a condi...

A protein complex that untangles DNA

...e too early; while the other, condensin, makes the chromosomes more compact, making the separation easier", says ...o be required for the disentanglement of undamaged chromosomes before cell division. If these tangles, which are a natural consequence of the DNA copying process, ...

The shape of life: research sheds light on how cells take shape

... train tracks of sorts, moving important bits like chromosomes and mitochondria around inside of cells. As microtubules multiply, they form patterns that can be seen by the naked eye. The pattern is a series of waves that look a bit like zebra stripes. How, Valles and Tang asked, do they form? Working with g...

Speeding the search for elusive chromosomal errors

...ilable gene chips to scrutinize all of a patient's chromosomes to identify small defects that cause genetic disea...ing many chromosomal arrangements. In karyotyping, chromosomes are stained and examined under microscopes, but only larger rearrangements are visible, such as exte...

Loosen up, DNA: Leukemia gene changes genetic packaging

...ontrol over our genes by affecting whole swaths of chromosomes in global fashion, according to a paper in the September issue of Nature Genetics and appearing online August 6. While the research involving a cellular signaling system known as JAK/STAT focused on complex questions involving the roots of cancer, ...

One-dimensional diffusion accelerates molecular motors

...ks", along which motor proteins pull the halves of chromosomes into existing daughter cells. Until now, scientists have not known how the length of microtubule gets regulated, nor how the proteins reach the end of the microtubules to be regulated. The Max Planck researchers looked at the example of the protein ...

DNA to the defense

...f environmental adaptation. In this parasite, the chromosomes are highly enriched in subtelomeric sequences ?dyn.... In contrast, the gene-rich cores of T. brucei chromosomes are diploid, meaning that the standard two copies are present. "The main observation from our wo...

UCLA study finds same genes act differently in males and females

...0 genes that make up the human genome, the X and Y chromosomes account for less than 2 percent of the body's genes. But when we looked at the gene expression in these four tissues, more than half of the genes differed significantly between the sexes. The differences were not related to reproductive systems ?th...

Large-scale genomics project will hunt genes behind common childhood diseases

...oject compiled the sequence of DNA bases in all 23 chromosomes in the human genome, while the HapMap Project listed haplotypes ?blocks of DNA sequences with variations thought to be linked to risks of specific diseases. Leading the new Center for Applied Genomics is Hakon Hakonarson, M.D., Ph.D., who has returne...

Protein's role in regulating cell death sets direction for cancer research

...d John S. Elce. "On the other hand, when a cell's chromosomes are damaged by carcinogens or ultraviolet light in a way that could initiate cancer, this same programmed cell death response could save your life." Supported by an operating grant from the Canadian Institute of Health Research the first study, publ...

What controls stickiness of 'smart' chromosomal glue

...ls how gluelike protein complexes release pairs of chromosomes at precisely the moment of meiosis ?the specialize...lls, on the other hand, must contain only half the chromosomes of their parent cells, so that the normal chromosome number will be restored when the sperm and egg ...

UNC scientists solve mystery of how largest cellular motor protein powers movement

...nd cell maintenance. Dynein also helps force apart chromosomes during cell division. “Dividing cells must separate their chromosomes and something has to generate the force to move chromosomes apart. Dynein provides the mechanical en...

Researchers use multiphoton microscopy to watch chromosomes in action

...ber, are giving Cornell researchers a way to watch chromosomes in action and actually see how genes are expressed...archers have for the first time been able to watch chromosomes change their form in order to activate their genes to synthesize key proteins in fruit fly cells. Th...

Sunflower speciation highlights roles for transposable elements in evolution

...e fact that all species possess the same number of chromosomes and are diploids. In the new work, the researchers have determined that the genome size differences between the hybrid and parental sunflower species are associated with a massive proliferation of transposable genetic elements that has occurred i...

Two central mysteries in genome inheritance solved at UCSD

The dance of the chromosomes during cell division, first described in the late ...te distribution of the genome, which is split into chromosomes of varying number depending on the species, requires specialized protein polymers called microtubule...

Single molecular 'mark' seen as pivotal for genome compaction in spores and sperm

...he material ?called chromatin, the substructure of chromosomes ?becomes dramatically compacted, reduced in volume to as little as five percent of its original volume. Researchers at The Wistar Institute, studying the mechanisms that control how the genetic material is managed during gamete production, have now ...

Researchers image molecular motor structural changes

...ages between nerve cells. Down syndrome, in which chromosomes do not divide properly in egg cells, also is thought to be caused by defects in kinesins. Finding methods to stimulate kinesin activity might help in the treatment of these human diseases, the researchers said. Conversely, drugs that inhibit kinesin...

Scientists discover role for dueling RNAs

... daughter cell receives exactly the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. However, when the yeast cells are starving, IME4 switches on and activates a process called meiosis. Here, the cells divide into germ-cell spores that, like mammalian egg and sperm cells, have half the number of chromosomes. Yea...

Geneticists discover genes that make fruit fly hybrids sterile

... or because of more subtle differences between the chromosomes of these two species. ...

Regulating the nuclear architecture of the cell

...ays Karpen. "Even though the gross organization of chromosomes and other nuclear elements is well known in cell b...f how such pathways affect the organization of the chromosomes in the cell nucleus." ...

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