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Tag: "assumed" at biology news

HIV/AIDS rates in Tijuana, Mexico increasing at alarming rate

...9 years, infected with HIV. This is the age group assumed to be at the highest risk of contracting the HIV infection. The bi-national team of researchers ?including researchers at the municipal, state and federal level ?used recently published reports, community-based studies and data from Mexico's Nationa...

Study shows AIDS drugs cost-effective, care underfunded

...y $1,500 to 2,000 per patient per year. The study assumed all patients had Medicare health insurance and the clinics were reimbursed 100 percent. "However, the majority of people who are infected with HIV are either uninsured or underinsured" and unable to pay for their care, said Dr. Saag. "So in reality, ...

Hot-spring bacteria flip a metabolic switch

... within the mat community," Grossman said. "We had assumed that the single-celled cyanobacteria growing at elevated temperatures were specialized for photosynthesis, but it looks like they have a more complicated metabolism than we initially suspected." All cells require nitrogen for making proteins and nuc...

Scientists directly view immune cells interacting to avert autoimmunity

... about cellular movement and interaction. Many had assumed that T cells move very little inside the lymph node. The video microscopy shows that they move about one body length per minute, and that much of the movement is quite directed, for example toward the dendritic cells, rather than random activity. The...

Langerhans cells regulate immune reactions in the skin

...ant barrier to infection and it has been generally assumed that the Langerhans cells only serve to warn the immune system of skin pathogens. According to the study, featured on the cover of the December 15 issue of Immunity, Langerhans cells are not required and, in fact, inhibit or modulate immune respons...

Lateral thinking produces first map of gene transmission

... the early days of the science of genetics, it was assumed that transfer of genes could only be vertical, i.e. from parents to offspring. But more recently, scientists have become aware of lateral genetic transfer, which occurs in bacteria through methods such as bacterial viruses and direct contact betwee...

Discovering the first steps in transcription-coupled repair

... resume, and the affected cells die. "It has been assumed that defects in transcription-coupled repair are t...l things must happen. Most theoretical models have assumed that the stalled RNAPII has to be degraded and moved out of the way so the lesion can be repaired, a...

Plants have a double line of defence

...ents of the next layer. Until now, scientists had assumed that nonhost resistance is based more on "passive" mechanisms: for example, the structure of the cell wall, poisonous substances on the surface of the plant, or a lack of molecular entry sites for pathogens. But the researchers in Cologne have now sh...

Male elephants woo females with precise chemistry

...p at HortResearch in New Zealand. Scientists have assumed that only one form of frontalin would be made by elephants, but by merely changing the ratios of frontalin's enantiomer composition, "you're actually changing the message signals, and you end up having a signal that is essentially different," Greenwo...

U. of Colorado researcher identifies tracks of swimming dinosaur in Wyoming

...because of that resemblance, scientists had always assumed that sea lilies stayed rooted instead of moving around like their stalkless relatives, the feather stars. But videos taken from a submersible research vessel at a depth of 430 meters (1410 feet) near Grand Bahama Island reveal that some sea lilies ...

Creeping crinoids! Sea lilies crawl to escape predators, new video shows

...because of that resemblance, scientists had always assumed that sea lilies stayed rooted instead of moving around like their stalkless relatives, the feather stars. But videos taken from a submersible research vessel at a depth of 430 meters (1410 feet) near Grand Bahama Island reveal that some sea lilies ...

The earliest animals had human-like genes

...wer. From an evolutionary perspective, it was long assumed that the simpler fly genes would be more ancient. The current study reveals the opposite: early animals already had a lot of introns, and quickly-evolving species like insects have lost most of them. To discover what early animals were like, scienti...

Brains response to visual stimuli helps us to focus on what we should see, rather than all there is to see

... tasks carried out in the larger areas, scientists assumed that the function of these columns varied smoothly across the cortex surface. Later research demonstrated that each of the six layers in the cortex is also wired into distinct circuits. But Callaway and Yoshimura tested the prevailing notion of colu...

Protein behind autumn color splendor identified

...d a protease that degrades LHCII. The researchers assumed that the protease belonged to a certain family of proteases, the so-called FtsH proteases, and they used genetically modified mouse-ear cress plants in which various FtsH proteases had been removed. One of these plants had a severely impaired ability...

New factor implicated in allergy and asthma attacks

... allergy and asthma attacks. Scientists have long assumed that they know how pollen produces such debilitating responses. They blame an overreaction by the body's immune system, set off by proteins known as antigens, which are found on the surface of pollen particles--an inappropriate activation of the norm...

Cracking the perception code

...keys' perception of the signal. If the researchers assumed that the monkeys paid more attention to the beginning of the response, however, the neural activity perfectly explained the monkeys' errors when judging different durations of stimuli. Romo suggested that the best explanation for the behavioral data...

Traditional models underestimate extinction rates

...populations of water fleas, because it's generally assumed that fluctuating environments, a given in the natural world, increase a species's chance of extinction. Drake then used half of the experimental data generated from testing the effects of environmental variability on water flea survival to select his...

The very defensive caterpillar

...control agents against insects. It had always been assumed that insects in the field would be naïve to such control agents but these results raise the possibility that control with one pathogen may confer resistance to another. Most experiments on insect immunity are conducted in the laboratory on insects of...

Modification of program enables prediction of gene transcription

...e spliced together. Geneticists have traditionally assumed that transcription starts within a few hundred bases of the protein-coding region. However, for nearly 40 percent of known human genes, transcription starts long before the beginning of the protein- coding region. Most of this extra-long untranslated...

Digging in the dirt for life's biochemical foundations

...eled from soil to fungus to plant roots. Many had assumed that the fungus would play a modest role. The team found, however, that the fungus acts more like a four-lane highway than a two-track country road in shuttling the nitrogen into plant roots. More than a third of the total nitrogen taken up by the pl...

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