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Tag: "neurons" at medical news

Scientists Produce Neurons from Human Skin

...’s Faculty of Medicine have succeeded in producing neurons in vitro using stem cells extracted from adult hum...is team described the method used to produce these neurons in a recent issue of the Journal of Cellular Physiology. The researchers used skin obtained from p...

Smoking Alters the Human Brain Like Those in Animals Using Illicit Drugs

...alyzed levels of two specific enzymes found inside neurons that translate chemical signals outside the neuron, such as the neurotransmitter dopamine, into chemical signals and changes inside the neuron. They found elevated levels of these enzymes in the smokers, but, more interesting, levels remained high, a...

New Nerve Cells From Brain

...s responsible for the sense of smell maturing into neurons on the way. This system of movement is generally observed in mice and rats. The scientists report that when new nerve cells are added in the olfactory area, there is a better response to various stimuli through out a human’s life. According to Dr M...

Human Stem Cell Transplants Repair Rat Spinal Cords

...ge of spinal cord injuries to lesion or kill motor neurons or performed sham surgeries. They varied experimental conditions to see if the presence or absence of spinal cord lesions had an effect on the survival and maturation of human stem cell grafts. Two weeks after lesion or sham surgery, they injected h...

Rett Syndrome Reversed in Genetic Mouse Model

...vides a quantifiable measurement of the ability of neurons to respond to stimulation. LTP has long been thought to reflect the cellular basis of learning and memory. Though LTP in RTT mice models was defective, it was restored to normal function by the reversal experiments. "The reversal of neurological d...

Early Treatment May Thwart Mad Cow-Type Disease

...ion of naturally occurring normal prion protein in neurons leads to repair of sponge-like brain damage. Their mouse experiments showed that cognitive and behavioral deficits and impaired nerve function accompany early brain damage. "Remarkably, these behavioral and synaptic impairments recover when (norma...

Sentry Enzyme Blocks Two Paths to Parkinson’s Diseas

... one of them, GST pi, is found in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Free radicals are highly ... formation of free radicals that kill dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra,” Smeyne said. “We also know that GST pi blocks the process of cell suicide ...

NIMH Studies Woman’s Hormonal Cycl

...als from these areas to the cortex. Reward circuit neurons harbor receptors for estrogen and progesterone. However, how these hormones influence reward circuit activity in humans has remained unclear. To pinpoint hormone effects on the reward circuit, Berman and colleagues scanned the brain activity of 13 ...

UCLA Find Yields Further Insight into Causes of Parkinson’s Diseas

...o their fly model. The result was the death of the neurons that use dopamine, the neurotransmitter long implicated in Parkinson's disease. "We put the mutant parkin in all different kinds of tissues and in different kinds of neurons, and it was toxic only to the ones that used dopamine," Jackson said. "No...

Gene Behind Lincoln’s Diseas

...-ins for humans, that loss of beta spectrin leaves neurons (nerve cells) prone to breakage. They found the mi...so very simple that this one protein is what keeps neurons from breaking in your body," Bastiani says. "The entire functioning of the nervous system depends on...

Researchers Investigate Gene Linked With Circadian Liver Clock

...genic mice lacking Bmal1, mPer2 transcripts in SCN neurons are barely noticeable during the course of a day. It’s possible that mPer2 transcription is more dependent on BMAL1 in the SCN than it is in the liver, however the authors considered two other explanations for the observed mPer2 activity: either t...

New Ideas on Developing Thought-Controlled Artificial Limbs

...y pioneered in Smith's lab. Two adjacent plates of neurons are grown in a bioreactor. Axons sprout out to connect the neuron populations on each plate. The plates are then slowly pulled apart over a series of days, aided by a precise computer-controlled motor system, until they reached a desired length. Fo...

Black and White in ‘Shades of Grey

... Neuromelanin is a dark pigment present in the neurons of the brain nuclei such as the Substantia Nigra, ...adulthood. The decrease or loss of these pigmented neurons are indicative of degenerative diseases, like the Alzheimer’s. Besides deficiency, the molecular w...

Missing Molecule Has Important Role in a Developmental Brain Abnormality

...f them are produced in the cortex itself. Cortical neurons are born near the lining of the fluid-filled ventr...ination in the outer cortex. To do this, migrating neurons must climb along transient scaffold of radial glial fibers that span the developing cortex.“Upon rea...

Cocaine During Pregnancy can Cause Behavioral and Neurological Problems in the Child

...eptors are normally found at the cell surface, but neurons from the cocaine-exposed animals showed the receptor was predominantly sequestered inside the cells. 'The fascinating thing is that this effect appears permanent,' said Stanwood. This implies that cocaine exposure during a brief, sensitive period o...

Cocaine's Use During Pregnancy May Cause Lasting Cellular Effects

...eptors are normally found at the cell surface, but neurons from the cocaine-exposed animals showed the receptor was predominantly sequestered inside the cells. 'The fascinating thing is that this effect appears permanent,' said Stanwood. This implies that cocaine exposure during a brief, sensitive period ...

Potential Key to Brain Blood-Flow Disorders Explored by Scientists

...ctional brain scans, the mechanisms by which these neurons signal blood vessels to dilate and increasing bloo...studied the communication that takes place between neurons and blood vessels in mouse and rat brains. The research team discovered early on that neuronal act...

How Many Genes Does It Take to Learn? Lessons from Sea Slugs

...le nervous system - Aplysia has about 10,000 large neurons that can be easily identified, compared with about one hundred billion neurons in humans - the animal is capable of learning and its brain cells communicate in many ways identical...

Paying Attention Sets Off Symphony of Cell Synchronization

...sts. One hypothesis is that when you pay attention neurons produce stronger brain activity, as if the stimulu...tivity that can come to your rescue as millions of neurons together make the music that represents a vivid conscious experience,” added Ken Paller, professor o...

MIT Creates 3-D Scaffold for Growing Stem Cells

...d in regenerative medicine, such as skin grafts or neurons to replace brain cells lost to injury or disease. The scaffold itself can be transplanted directly into the body with no ill effects. "The time has come to move on from two-dimensional dishes to culture systems that better represent the natural c...

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