hard

Yellowstone microbes fueled by hydrogen, according to U. of Colorado study

...ficult to explore a microbial ecosystem. "We havea hard enough time explaining what's going on in a forest, for example,with all the interlacing systems. We can't even see a microbialsystem."Sample extraction was a dangerous and delicate operation. In order toaccurately analyze a hot spring's entire micro...

Elusive HIV shape change revealed; Key clue to how virus infects cells

... findings also will help us understand why it's so hard to make an HIV vaccine, and will help us start strategizing about new approaches to vaccine development." The studies, performed in the Children's Hospital Boston Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, used the closely related simian immunodeficiency vir...

Molecular machine may lead to new drugs to combat human diseases

...lecules to behave better," Golden said. "It's very hard to find targets in cells because cells are organized in ways we still don't fully understand. This crystal structure shows us where the best targets are for modifying genetic defects." The crystal structure of this Group I intron also will allow sci...

An HIV Protein Plays a Surprising Role in Gene Activation

... that makes Tat such a potent activator—and HIV so hard to control. (For more on Tat's role in HIV transcription, see “Novel Enzyme Shows Potential as an Anti-HIV Target?[DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030074] and “A New Paradigm in Eukaryotic Biology: HIV Tat and the Control of Transcriptional Elongation?[DO...

Purdue proves concept of using nano-materials for drug discovery

...e with a small amount of protein. "It's been very hard to study these proteins because they are difficult to produce in large quantities," Lee said. "The devices we have created offer the promise of making chips capable of running thousands of reactions with the same amount of protein now needed to run o...

Weill Cornell Research Reveals Secrets Of Trafficking Within Cells

...hile cells in your heart and arteries work just as hard to keep that brain alive. Every one of these cells -- and others throughout the body -- depends on an internal process called endocytosis to keep the flow of cellular nutrients and information healthy and strong. It's an incredibly important life pr...

ASU researchers finds novel chemistry at work to provide parrot's vibrant red colors

... "Evolutionary biologists have not really thought hard about parrot coloration," said McGraw. "This research is exposing a whole new world of color communication in parrots and the potential physiological and biochemical roles of the new molecules we found in our work." Details of the work are in a pape...

Transport System Smuggles Medicines Into Brain

... "Evolutionary biologists have not really thought hard about parrot coloration," said McGraw. "This research is exposing a whole new world of color communication in parrots and the potential physiological and biochemical roles of the new molecules we found in our work." Details of the work are in a pape...

Introduced foxes transformed vegetation on Aleutian Islands from lush grasslands to tundra

...r than your ankles. But on the other islands, it's hard work just to get through the vegetation. It was exhausting just trying to get around on those islands," he said. The researchers found that the density of breeding seabirds on fox-free islands was two orders of magnitude higher than on fox-infested ...

New SARS Protein Linked To Important Cell Doorway

...rt to the cell surface. Researchers don't have any hard evidence of orf7a's function, but they speculate that the protein's positioning could enable it to block proteins that help alert the immune system or to assist reproduced viral proteins as they make their way out of the cell. The finding exemplifie...

New RNA polymerase discovered in plants

... something equivalent, and maybe we haven't looked hard enough. " ...

X-Ray Beams And Fruit Fly 'Flight Simulator' Aid Scientists' View Of Muscle Power

...aid. “We biologists have always been amazed by how hard these muscles work. Now we have taken advantage of the fruit fly’s small size and shone light right through the whole animal, illuminating the working muscles during flight and probing the molecular motions deep within the muscle cells.?/p> These...

Self-assembled nano-sized probes allow Penn researchers to see tumors through flesh and skin

...d "quantum dots." These quantum dots, however, are hard matter, which could collect within the circulatory system, potentially causing a stroke. According to the Penn researchers, brightly emissive polymersomes define the first nanotech optical imaging platform based on non-aggregating "soft matter" (poly...

Use of Insecticides Linked to Lasting Neurological Problems for Farmers

...zes ranging from 50 to 100 participants, making it hard to understand the detailed relationship between exposure and health effects. The large size of this study gives it great statistical power," said Dr. Kamel. The AHS (http://www.aghealth.org/) is designed to investigate the effects of environmental, ...

Programmable cells: Engineer turns bacteria into living computers

...uch as antennas or transmitters in places that are hard for humans to reach. Programmed cells also could be used to control the repair or construction of tissues within the body, possibly guiding stem cells to the locations where they are needed for the growth of new nerve or bone cells in a process Weiss...

Wisconsin researchers identify sleep gene

...ir genome. "This told us that genetic forces push hard against this phenotype to make it ineffective," Cirelli says. "Being a short sleeper is probably not a good thing. We know that the mns mutation affects mortality, but we're not sure how." In earlier studies, Tononi's team discovered that fruit flie...

Anti cancer virotherapy well tolerated in first human administration, research finds

...investigating as potential therapies for different hard to treat malignancies including melanoma and ovarian cancer. These viruses occur naturally and routinely in the community causing mild infections in adult humans. Previously the Shafren group has published research on CVA21 that showed success in s...

Navigating an integrated yeast network

... they can be used to predict interactions that are hard to identify experimentally, or to predict the function of genes involved in specific themes. According to Markus Herrgard and Bernhard Palsson of University of California, San Diego, the authors' approach can be readily extended to different types o...

Canada approves marijuana-based pain spray

...adequately to current treatment options.6,7 “It’s hard to explain to someone who has never felt this type of pain. It’s like being plugged into an electric socket all the time,?said Steve Walsh, who suffers from MS and has lived with neuropathic pain for five years. “At times, putting on clothes or anyth...

Aggressive aquatic species invading Great Lakes

...ry owner, such as the logperch, is likely to fight hard to make sure it keeps its turf, but round gobies are extremely aggressive compared to the naturally occurring relatively peaceful logperch and easily take over contested shelters," explains Balshine. The researchers found that round goby abundance h...

Scientists journey to southern Africa to unravel the secret world of elephant communication

...aterholes or ideally in central Africa, where it's hard to conduct an aerial census because of the dense forest canopy." Human-generated noise is another concern for conservationists. Researchers have found that rotating helicopter blades generate low-pitched noises, and possibly seismic vibrations, that...

The evolutionary triumph of flower power

...cause their nature and beauty is so obvious. It is hard to imagine that we might have been responsible at least in part for their appearance. With the proposed model of evolution and adaptation to a human emotional niche, perhaps we have a clearer picture of our floral companions." ...

Road salt affects mitigation wetlands

...l in late April. "PennDOT is between a rock and a hard place," says Silver. "Everyone knows that the salt is not good for the environment, but salting roads is a huge safety issue in a part of the country that gets 10 to 12 feet of snow every winter." Silver's research does show a large decrease in non-...

Of mice and men's (and women's) contraceptives

... "When trying to develop a new contraceptive, it's hard because we need to identify a target that's specif... timing of sperm or egg development. We're working hard on understanding this mechanism." A similar human equivalent of MSY2, Contrin, has been identified ...

Successful Test Of Single Molecule Switch Opens The Door To Biomolecular Electronics

... roadmap now for how to do this, and we’re already hard at work applying it to a wide variety of potentially exciting applications,?he says. Authors on the Nano Letters paper are Lindsay, who also is the Nadine and Edward Carson Professor of Physics and Chemistry and Biochemistry at ASU; ASU physicists F...

Gene silencing technique offers new strategy for treating, curing disease

...he experiments worked beautifully," he said. "It's hard to believe that this strategy would work so well if nature wasn't doing it already." The researchers designed their RNA to match up with and target specific genes. "It's possible that the body is making the RNAs that we are using, and that will be a...

Team Invents Device For Weighing Individual Molecules

...k out the 'needle' from the 'haystack,' and that's hard to do, among other reasons because 95 percent of the proteins in the blood have nothing to do with cancer." The new method might ultimately permit the creation of microchips, each possessing arrays of miniature mass spectrometers, which are devices ...

Depression gene may weaken mood-regulating circuit

...ting circuit was connected. "Until now, it's been hard to relate amygdala activity to temperament and genetic risk for depression," said Dr. Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, a lead author. "This study suggests that the cingulate's ability to put the brakes on a runaway amygdala fear response depends upon the de...

A whole lot of shaking goin' on triggers early hatching in red-eyed tree frogs

... -- not only the speed of these vibrations, or how hard the clutch is shaken, but the length of and time between the movements that signal the embryos to hatch. Undisturbed, red-eyed tree frog eggs usually hatch six to eight days after fertilization, but can hatch up to 30 percent earlier if attacked by ...

Male Combat Veterans Rank High In Heart Disease Risk

...ted consuming 14 or more servings of beer, wine or hard liquor a week. Heavy smoking was determined by calculating the subjects' pack-years smoked (the number of years smoking multiplied by the number of packs smoked per day) and dividing the results into quartiles. The researchers used the standard defin...

Compound might defeat African sleeping sickness, clinical trial beginning this month

...rks and helps a lot of people, that's when all our hard work really pays off, and we can be proud of our efforts." Three years ago, the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases presented its Jimmy and Roselyn Carter Humanitarian Award to Bill and Melinda Gates. That day, a talk by former President Jim...

Siberian tigers hang tough

...ice, declared, "these results are a tribute to the hard work and dedication of conservation organizations and government officials here in Russia. Despite massive poaching pressures in the 1990s, we have been able to turn back the tide, and retain our tiger population." John Seidensticker, of the Save the...

More animals join the learning circle

...gull-baiting behaviour is so unusual, "it would be hard to argue that it is individual learning", says ethologist Janet Mann of Georgetown University in Washington DC, one of the authors of the dolphin sponging study. Behavioural scientist Andrew Whiten of the University of St Andrews in the UK agrees, "T...

Researchers devise new technique for creating human stem cells

...t "at this at this stage in our understanding, the hard fact is that the only way to create an embryonic stem cell from a somatic cell is by nuclear transfer into oocytes. Taking advantage of this current capability -- such as colleagues in South Korea and other countries are doing -- is critical if we ar...

New lead reported in tumor angiogenesis

... in the world of science, involves a great deal of hard work - and a little luck. Wang said his group began a few years ago studying a secreted protein called hepatocyte growth factor, or HGF, and its role in helping head and neck tumors to turn cancerous. HGF does so, in part, by helping to induce nearby...

Lance Armstrong through a physiological lens: hard training boosts muscle power 8%

... we thought. They followed Armstrong ?a well-known hard trainer ?and the changes in his efficiency over se...lities and got where his is through dedication and hard training." Source The study, entitled "Improved muscular efficiency displayed as 'Tour de France' ...

Chemical 'band-aid' prevents heart failure in mice with muscular dystrophy

...y their heart is failing, because it's not pumping hard enough. That can be true, but another major problem is poor function during the relaxation phase when the heart fills with incoming blood. In our study, we found that cardiac myocytes in dystrophin-deficient mice don't relax and lengthen as readily a...

A novel method to measure circadian cycles

... time zones, may get an answer to why waking up is hard to do. ...

Researchers identify new catfish family

...relatively rare in that the researchers have had a hard time finding many specimens. They collected just one specimen in a recent five-day expedition. The researchers are concerned about the fish's habitat, which is threatened by exploitation of the forests and possible damming of the rivers it lives in....

Seaweed could make junk food healthier

...t a lot of these types of foods. "We believe it's hard to change people's habits and that the most practical solution is to improve the food they do eat. With a burger, for example, you would simply remove some of the fat and replace it with the seaweed extract, which is an entirely natural product from...

Mechanism regulating tooth shape formulation found

...ay hold potential for future tissue engineering of hard tissues. ...

Sleeping beauty plays a significant role in identifying cancer genes

...elations typically of thousands of genes, and it's hard to know from the correlations which genes relate to cancer and which do not," said Largaespada. "By comparison, the jumping gene has inserted itself into cancer genes in the tumors we studied and thereby allows us to focus on smaller numbers of genes...

York scientists warn of dramatic impact of climate change on Africa

... of drought in the Sahel. Other areas particularly hard hit are eastern Africa and the south-west coast." Because of a scarcity of hard data, the team used a computer programme written by Dr Colin McClean, of York's Environment Departme...

Simple sea sponge helps scientists understand tissue rejection

...ant functions in cell-to-cell interactions, but is hard to study. The ultimate goal of this research is to provide insights into the machinery behind human tissue rejection and immune responses in hopes of someday being able to control these processes and save lives. ...

Researchers identify genes associated with lung transplant rejection

...But the problem with lung transplants is that it's hard to detect chronic rejection." Currently, he says, OB is best detected through a breathing test--but by the time the disease has a perceptible impact on the patient's ability to breathe, it's often too late to treat effectively. Caughey and his fello...

Several minute intermediate stage in virus-cell fusion discovered; opportunity for drug development

..." said Melikyan. "How this happens in real life is hard to say. "But our model," he added, "is likely to apply to any virus such as HIV that fuses with the cell membrane and shares the same fusion proteins, so it certainly provides a new target. Also, existing drugs can be re-evaluated to pinpoint at wha...

UQ researcher tracking key to healing the brain

... actually do - something that has been notoriously hard to do in the past. Dr Rietze is a finalist in the UQ Foundation Research Excellence Awards, to be announced tomorrow as a highlight of UQ Research Week 2005. He is working on a project with a novel approach to track neural stem cells in vivo. "Iden...

Toxic flood lifts lid on common urban pollution problem

... or rainwater that washes across streets and other hard surfaces in cities. Environmental engineering professor John Sansalone's perspective is especially relevant because it is based on field research in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, where he was a professor at Louisiana State University before taking a j...

High carbon dioxide levels spur Southern pines to grow more needles

...out a lot of leaf area, but then they get hit very hard under water stress because they have they extra leaf area they are no longer able to support," she said. Much of the leaf volume information for her study came after she and others weighed basketfuls of needles that had fallen into collection basket...

DNA from feathers tells tale of eagle fidelity

...e animals, she said. "Eastern imperial eagles are hard to catch, and individuals are difficult to tell apart," Rudnick said. "By performing genetic analysis on feathers collected at the site, we were able to track the presence or absence of individual birds over a six-year period." This kind of monitori...

Skull study sheds light on dinosaur diversity

...g habits. But without skulls to study, it has been hard to draw conclusions about how and what titanosaurs ate. With his work and that of researchers at the State University of New York, Stony Brook who announced the discovery of a complete titanosaur skeleton in 2001, sauropod specialists finally can st...

'Cookbook recipes' would cure disease with nontoxic DNA delivery systems

... their effectiveness in gene delivery, but this is hard and requires a lot of intuition," said Gerard Wong, a professor of materials science and engineering, physics, and bioengineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and corresponding author of the paper. "By understanding some of the...

Infectious disease expert warns of spread of Rocky Mountain spotted fever

...ver and died. "Because its first symptoms are very hard to distinguish from many other illnesses, it is often hard to diagnose unless you are looking out for it," he adds. The first signs of Rocky Mountain spotted ...

New tooth enamel dating technique could help identify disaster victims

...st Asia. "After a few days in the water, it's very hard to identify someone," he said. "You can't use (enamel dating) to identify a person ?that requires a DNA analysis ?but you can narrow down the number of people you need to look at from a list of missing people." Livermore officials are providing info...

Scientists find a maturity gene in fly

...its pupal case, which is like a cocoon but made of hard cuticle. Then ?nine days after the egg was laid ?the adult fly crawls out of the pupal case. Fruit flies have a two-month lifespan. "Teenagers are very pupal ?they go inside their shell and withdraw," Thummel says. "Steroid hormones take over your k...

MWG Biotech expands siMAX?siRNA portfolio with new scales, lengths and design tools

...its pupal case, which is like a cocoon but made of hard cuticle. Then ?nine days after the egg was laid ?the adult fly crawls out of the pupal case. Fruit flies have a two-month lifespan. "Teenagers are very pupal ?they go inside their shell and withdraw," Thummel says. "Steroid hormones take over your k...

Genetic variation alters response to common anti-clotting drug

...roper dose of warfarin can vary greatly and can be hard to predict. Some of this variability may boil down to a recently identified gene involved in blood clotting, according to a new study published in the June 2 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine. By looking at the genetic makeup of people on...

New technology shows our ancestors ate…everything!

...ry season, they may have to process something very hard or tough in order to survive." "For years, it's been a dream of many researchers interested in our lineage to obtain this kind of information," continued Teaford. "And the computer software is phenomenal, the heart and soul of this project. We now h...

What Makes The Brain Tick, Tick, Tick: Researchers Gaining New Insights Into Brain's Internal Clock

...nner. That's all interval timing, and in fact it's hard to find any complex behavioral process that timing isn't involved in." Deciphering the neural mechanisms of such clocks may be even more fundamental to understanding the brain than figuring out, for example, neural processing of spatial position and...

K-State professors discover enzyme responsible for creation of a beetle's hard shell

...uticle remained soft and white instead of becoming hard and dark-colored. These results indicated which protein was responsible for the hard shell's formation, Kanost said. The identification of laccase-2 as the catalyst for cuticle tanning...