expressed

A gene's first 'kiss' sets off that affair known as puberty

...ates." Besides learning that GPR54 and KiSS-1 are expressed inside the hypothalamus of primates at the time of puberty, the researchers also found that by giving animals kisspeptin they could, essentially wake up the reproductive hormones from their childhood hibernation. Within 30 minutes of kisspeptin being...

Newly-discovered class of genes determines ?and restricts ?stem cell fate

...d store the pigments in the skin and hair ?is also expressed in adult stem cells in the skin. "Our findings to...ng genes that previously had only been known to be expressed in a developing embryo. That was the first clue that we were on to something new." Epstein and colle...

Ancient olfaction protein is shared by many bugs, offering new pest control target

...viously shown that of 62 odorant-receptor proteins expressed by fruit flies, 61 are exclusively expressed in non-overlapping sub-populations of neurons, indicating that these proteins participate in sensing...

Live Recombinant Adenovirus Vaccine Technique Explored

... gene into a live adenovirus such that it would be expressed using the virus' own late-gene expression machinery. L1 is expressed at very high levels in some recombinants. Dr. Ketner believes that the replicating live recombinant...

Gene therapy converts dead bone graft to new, living tissue

...in living bone, called RANKL and VEGF, were barely expressed around the dead bone. He then modified a harmless virus to carry these genes, devised a method of freeze-drying a paste containing the virus so it could be easily handled, and painted it directly onto a bone graft during surgery. Numerous tests in m...

Scientists decipher genome of fungus that can cause life-threatening infections

...A differences and differences in when the genesare expressed (turned on or off) ?may account for the disparity invirulence.Among the surprising findings of the study were the complex genestructures discovered in C. neoformans that are unlike those found inpreviously sequenced yeasts and are reminiscent of the ...

First 'atlas' of key brain genes could speed research on cancer, neurological diseases

...or brain areasthat shows what regulatory genes are expressed in those specificlocations,?said Quifu Ma, PhD, of... determined that more than 1,000 of these TF’swere expressed in the brains of developing mice.Using genetic probes to investigate thin sections of mouse brains, ...

Vital step in cellular migration described by UCSD medical researchers

... scientists noted that alpha4 integrins are widely expressed in neural crest cells, immune system leukocytes (such as T cells), striated and smooth muscle, and neurons. For this reason, they believe the mechanism used by alpha4 integrins to localize Rac activity may participate in a wide variety of cell migrat...

Genetically modified natural killer immune cells attack, kill leukemia cells

...a said. "By genetically modifying NK cells so they expressed the CD19 receptor, we made them specifically effective against ALL cells." A potential clinical application for the technology developed in this study is in leukemia patients who are treated with hematopoietic (blood cell-forming) cell transplantati...

Researchers trace evolution to relatively simple genetic changes

...cule called ectodermal dysplasin. This molecule is expressed in ectodermal tissue during development and instructs certain cells to form teeth, hair and sweat glands. It also seems to control the shape of - bones in the forehead and nose. Now, Kingsley said, "it turns out that armor plate patterns in the fish...

Scientists reveal molecular secrets of the malaria parasite

...he parasite genes evolve mostrapidly when they are expressed in the mammal hosts (human/mouse). Thatmay represe...is particularly interestingbecause these proteins, expressed early in the mosquito, are the targetof transmission-blocking vaccines" —that is, vaccines which rai...

Octopuses occasionally stroll around on two arms, UC Berkeley biologists report

...cule called ectodermal dysplasin. This molecule is expressed in ectodermal tissue during development and instructs certain cells to form teeth, hair and sweat glands. It also seems to control the shape of - bones in the forehead and nose. Now, Kingsley said, "it turns out that armor plate patterns in the fish...

Tiny scaffolding allows stem cells to become working fat cells

...ing fat cells, and from that proved that the cells expressed the normally expected array of genes, and subsequent proteins and did so as well as occurs in normal tissue. So far, the researchers have kept the cells alive and thriving for several months and hope to maintain them for up to a year. "We know that ...

Research Using Mouse Models Reveals A Novel Key Player In The Initiation Of Colon Cancer

...n a transcription factor called Foxl1 that is also expressed in the colon, but in a different layer of cells, adjacent to the epithelium, called the mesenchyme. They had seen that mice that are deficient for the Foxl1 protein show a similar accumulation of the beta-catenin protein in the epithelium layer, yet ...

RNA project to create language for scientists worldwide

...les as "the software controlling how the genes are expressed to make proteins." They are unique in being able to store and transmit information as well as process that information. The continuous discovery of new RNA molecules with novel biological functions is beginning to show that RNA plays far more roles ...

South America's vast pantanal wetland may become next everglades, UNU experts warn

... by UNU-PREP and UNU IAS in Brazil in October 2003 expressed their willingness to draft a treaty for the sustainable management of the Pantanal wetland. "The challenge now is to translate this will into action." ...

UF Researchers Map Bacterial Proteins That Cause Tooth Loss

...urnal Proteomics. “Determining which proteins are expressed in greater levels in the mouth has allowed us to g...called ‘hypothetical?proteins in P. gingivalis are expressed and have specific functions.?/p> Until now, scientists had identified less than 2 percent of the...

Applied Biosystems Introduces Advanced Gene Expression Service Provider Program

...while using less sample for the detection of genes expressed at very low levels compared with conventional fluorescent microarrays. The system uses a chemiluminescence-detection instrument, software, and chemistries to deliver unambiguous gene results that are highly sensitive and reproducible. The PCR proces...

Harnessing microbes, one by one, to build a better nanoworld

...while using less sample for the detection of genes expressed at very low levels compared with conventional fluorescent microarrays. The system uses a chemiluminescence-detection instrument, software, and chemistries to deliver unambiguous gene results that are highly sensitive and reproducible. The PCR proces...

Asthma gene clusters identified

...s goal would be to identify gene profiles that are expressed during asthma that are exacerbated by different factors, such as exercise, viral infection or allergic triggers. In doing so, physicians will be in a better position to assess and treat a patient's asthma with greater precision. "As we learn more ab...

Variation in women's X chromosomes may explain differences among individuals, between sexes

...some also endows males with at least several dozen expressed genes that females lack. The incomplete nature of...a minimum of an additional 10 percent of genes are expressed at variable levels among females, while all males express a single copy of such genes. "We now know...

Wisconsin researchers identify sleep gene

...on human and fly sleep, and that similar genes are expressed in both species when they are awake and asleep. Tononi's team also conducted EEGs on the flies and found evidence of the same electrophysiological changes occurring during sleep and wakefulness as in humans. "The electrical changes in humans look di...

Epstein-Barr virus protein crucial to its role in blood cancers

...nd an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) protein known to be expressed in a number of EBV-associated cancers. Their findings demonstrate a new mechanism by which EBV transforms human B cells from the immune system into cancerous cells, which can lead to development of B-cell lymphomas. Erle S. Robertson, PhD, Associate...

Defensins neutralize anthrax toxin

...nd an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) protein known to be expressed in a number of EBV-associated cancers. Their findings demonstrate a new mechanism by which EBV transforms human B cells from the immune system into cancerous cells, which can lead to development of B-cell lymphomas. Erle S. Robertson, PhD, Associate...

Fleshing out the genome

...ical. This work identified 538 of these genes that expressed functional proteins and messenger RNA, accounting ...ication of proteins, in this case those which were expressed in the microbe when subjected to stress. The proteomic analyses were done by four teams led by Kolke...

Molecule that usually protects infection-fighting cells may cause plaque deposits inside arteries

...nal Cell Metabolism. "We found that AIM is highly expressed in certain macrophages and that lack of AIM dramatically decreased early atherosclerotic lesion development in mice," Dr. Miyazaki said. "These results may imply a novel therapeutic application of AIM regulation for prevention of atherosclerosis in t...

New component of the 'brakes' on nerve regeneration found

... They cited studies showing that TNF receptors are expressed in many types of cells in the CNS and are intimately involved in inflammatory responses that also play a role--perhaps harmful, perhaps beneficial to regeneration or recovery--in regulating response to injury. "Further characterization of the underly...

Researchers find new genes necessary to make embryo

...o make an embryo. Their study focused on the genes expressed by the mother and imparted to the egg, ready to be used during the earliest stages after fertilization. They discovered over 150 additional genes required to make an embryo beyond what was previously known, leading them to conclude that many more gen...

Researchers rein in regulatory RNAs

...chers discovered that most of the SATs were widely expressed in mouse brain, heart, and testis, as well as in m...c stem cells and fibroblasts. While some SATs were expressed at a consistent level in all cells and tissues tested, others exhibited marked tissue-specific expre...

UCSD-Salk Team Show Protein’s Gene-Silencing Role In Development of Nervous System

...l carboxyl-terminal domain phosphatases (SCPs) are expressed in almost all tissues of the body. In their “on?po...the phosphatases prevent neuronal genes from being expressed in areas of the body, such as the heart and liver, where they shouldn’t be. When these phosphatases ...

Silence the gene, save the cell: RNA interference as promising therapy for ALS

...n-of-function mutations," meaning that the protein expressed by the mutated gene has, in addition to all its no...terference-based silencing. Both these effects are expressed long-term via delivery by a single lentiviral vector. Aebischer is optimistic about the future of g...

Brain-mapping technique aids understanding of sleep, wakefulness

...hey introduced the tracer into mice so that it was expressed only in orexin neurons, which are found in a part of the brain called the lateral hypothalamus. The researchers found that some of the upstream neurons in the anterior hypothalamus, known to be active only during sleep, send inhibitory signals to ore...

Researchers report new pro-inflammatory role for anti-inflammatory enzyme

...th muscle cells," explains Dr. Hobbs. "iNOS is not expressed under normal physiological conditions, but is up-regulated for host-defense purposes." Now, the researchers have validated their hypothesis in vivo using mice that do not produce eNOS. These mutant mice had a marked reduction in iNOS production in r...

Sickle cell and protection against malaria

...acquisition of antibodies to altered host proteins expressed on the malaria-infected red cell surface. ### Citation: Williams TN, Mwangi TW, Roberts DJ, Alexander ND, Weatherall DJ, et al. (2005) An immune basis for malaria protection by the sickle cell trait. PLoS Med 2(5): e128. ...

Genetically Modified Natural Killer Immune Cells Attack, Kill Leukemia Cells

...a said. "By genetically modifying NK cells so they expressed the CD19 receptor, we made them specifically effective against ALL cells." A potential clinical application for the technology developed in this study is in leukemia patients who are treated with hematopoietic (blood cell-forming) cell transplantati...

CoPub Mapper: mining MEDLINE based on search term co-publication

... microarray analyses result in many differentially expressed genes that are potentially responsible for the bio...enes from real microarray data, 221 differentially expressed genes from a microarray experiment were analyzed with CoPub Mapper, which resulted in several releva...

Cooperation is key—a new way of looking at MicroRNA and how it controls gene expression

...nscripts known as messenger RNA (mRNA). All genes expressed in the human body must be transcribed as mRNA before they can be translated into proteins, and the stability of these mRNA transcripts is essential for control of genetic expression. In the latest issue of the journal Cell, the Scripps Research team...

At long last, scientists figure out how plants grow

...iana (wall cress) for their experiments. They also expressed TIR1 in insect cell cultures, to make sure that the binding of TIR1 to auxin is not directly influenced by other plant cell proteins. Auxins influence a wide variety of plant processes. For example, they are the hormones that cause roots to grow dow...

Scientists discover that three overlapping signals in embryo help get the backbone right

...tep that you actually have multiple proteins being expressed there, just in case one of them fails, the others can compensate," said lead author Mustafa Khokha (pronounced KO' ka), a post-doctoral fellow at UC Berkeley and an attending physician in pediatric critical care at UC San Francisco. "Redundancy is de...

One gene links newborn neurons with those that die in diseases such as Alzheimer's

...ebohm's laboratory. The gene is known to be highly expressed throughout the brain, and in fact, the UCHL1 protein is thought to make up as much as 2 percent of total soluble brain protein. But in the zebra finch brains, nonreplaceable neurons produced, on average, about two and a half times the amount of UCHL1...

Oceans more vulnerable to agricultural runoff than previously thought, study finds

...ct of runoff events in the Yaqui Valley. They also expressed concern about the impact of large farming operations in other vulnerable subtropical and tropical oceans, including Southeast Asia, West Africa, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. "Now we can go back and predict which areas of the world will be v...

Compounds in plastic packaging act as environmental estrogens altering breast genes

...partment of the breast has specific differentially expressed genes that provide a genomic signature according to the increasing maturation of the organ. "Estrogenic agents involved in breast development and possibly in breast cancer may include foreign estrogens, or xenoestrogens, that are used in manufacturi...

Multiple-drug resistant gene expression pattern predicts treatment outcome for pediatric leukemia

...hnique to search for genes that are differentially expressed in ALL cells that demonstrated cross-resistance to... identified several genes that were differentially expressed in ALL cells that exhibited de novo cross resistance to four widely used antileukemic agents. They w...

Signs of aging: Scientists evaluate genes associated with longevity

...ed that some of the genes that were differentially expressed between daf-2 mutants and controls would also be a... hsp, mtl-1, gst-1, and sip-1 were more abundantly expressed in the aging adult worms as compared to the early and mid-life adults. These genes were also differe...

Of mice and men's (and women's) contraceptives

...ional Academy of Sciences. "Not many proteins are expressed in both male and female germ lines that are specific only to the germ line," says Hecht. Germ line refers to the group of cells that give rise to either sperm or eggs in animals, as opposed to all other cell types, which are called somatic cells. "Th...

wFleaBase: the Daphnia genome database

...s functions to search and extract information from expressed sequenced tags, genome survey sequences and full genome sequencing projects. This new database is built primarily from core components of the Generic Model Organism Database project, and related bioinformatics tools. Over the coming year, prelimin...

Molecular thermometers on skin cells detect heat and camphor

...t is unique among thermoTRP channels in that it is expressed on the surface of skin cells known as keratinocytes. At the time, they hypothesized that its presence on keratinocytes might mean that the detection of temperature takes place in the skin as well as on these neurons. In their Science paper, they dem...

15-year hunt finds cause of pseudothalidomide syndrome

...re also able to look at when and where the gene is expressed during human development. Without these techniques, and without the powerful computer programs, we wouldn't have been able to identify this gene and confirm its role in Roberts syndrome." The physical similarities of people with Roberts syndrome and...

Gov't Creates Gene Database of Normal Human Tissues

... of reference because it pinpoints which genes are expressed in many of the body's major organs under normal conditions, without known disease. Scientists can compare the genes from their own biological samples to this dictionary of normal expression. "Genes identified by the database as abnormally active in ...

Remote control flies? Fly behavior controlled by laser light

... "lock" was the receiver genetically encoded to be expressed in the target neurons, the "key" was the molecule that would bind to and activate the lock, and laser light was the trigger that brought the key to the lock. For the lock, the researchers used an ion channel, or a pore-forming protein that allows ch...

Venom doc tracks down snake bioweapons

...akes, rather than simply tweaking proteins already expressed in their saliva, recruited and altered proteins fo...ave been originally derived from proteins normally expressed in other body tissues, including brain, eye, lung, heart, liver, muscle, mammary gland, ovary, and t...

Second messenger NAADP shows fast, dose-related impact on satiety cycle

...s," Yamasaki said. The cholecystokinin-A receptor, expressed predominantly in pancreatic acinar cells, has two binding sites, one of high and one of low affinity. "Unequivocal evidence that NAADP is a crucial messenger" "Intriguingly, the plot of NAADP level versus cholecystokinin concentration was best fit ...

New vaccine means bye-bye to bacteria in the lung

...vaccine candidate. This region of the bacteria was expressed in the capsid area of the vector. Immunization of mice with this vaccine induced antibody production and protected the mice from exposure to a deadly dose of the bacteria. Importantly, the mice could be repeatedly given the vaccine and the immune res...

UCLA cancer researchers shake loose hidden biomarker

...edicine found a way to move an important biomarker expressed in prostate cancer, shaking it loose from one loca...n exposed one. "In prostate cancer cells, PSMA is expressed in the apical region of the cell membrane, which blood can't reach, so injection of immunotherapy in...

Natural tumor suppressor in body discovered by UCSD medical researchers

... Once they found PHLPP, which they discovered was expressed throughout the body, the scientists used biochemical and cellular studies in human and other mammalian tissue to determine that PHLPP levels are markedly reduced in several colon cancer and gliobastoma human cell lines that had elevated Akt phosphory...

Random gene expression may drive HIV into hiding

...viral vector, they found that cells that initially expressed a low level of virus were very unstable: After a few days, all cells expressed either a high level of virus or none at all. When Weinberger took one infected human cell with low ...

Program finds lost genes in nematode genome

... without evidence from complementary DNA (cDNA) or expressed sequence tags (EST), which help locate genes. These predicted genes are derived by a combination of a program from the previous generation and some curation by human experts. Brent and his colleagues say that the accuracy of WormBase can be improved ...

Recombinant DNA technology may enable oral, rather than injectable, delivery of protein drugs

...G-CSF to create a new recombinant DNA, which, when expressed in a cell, will produce a protein with half transferrin and half G-CSF," says Shen. "We refer to this method as recombinant fusion protein technology." Recombinant DNA technology utilizes a series of procedures to join (recombine) segments of two or...

Study: Well-known protein helps stem cells become secretory cells

...which genes were turned on when. All 34 genes were expressed at high levels in the early salivary gland, they f...mediate factor involved in keeping secretory genes expressed at high levels, and Fork head acts through it," said Andrew. CrebA's role in the fruit fly's epider...

Proteomics brings researchers closer to understanding microbes that produce acid mine drainage

...t only tells her and her colleagues what genes are expressed as proteins in each bacteria, but also how much of each is produced - the key to understanding the role each bacterial species plays in the biofilm community. "Genomes tell you about the genetic potential of organisms that are present in the environ...