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Neuronal 'traffic jam' marks early Alzheimer's disease

...eople would accumulate more than others, enough to cross a critical threshold and tip the scale toward disease." Goldstein emphasized that any application of these findings to potential diagnostic tests or new therapies remains speculative at this time. "However, if tracers could be developed that would r...

Open microfluidic and nanofluidic systems

...his way corresponds to channels with a rectangular cross section. The width and depth of these channels can be varied between a hundred nanometer and a couple of micrometer. At first sight, it seems rather obvious to use such surface channels as microcompartments. However, if one actually tries to fill th...

Antibiotic might fight HIV-induced neurological problems

...trolling HIV in blood, but most of the drugs don't cross the blood-brain barrier very well," says Christine...30 years, minocycline was specifically designed to cross the blood-brain barrier, the biological "wall" that limits what can pass from the blood into the bra...

PET/MRI scans may help unravel mechanisms of prenatal drug damage

...hat cocaine and/or its labeled metabolites readily cross the placenta. But the cocaine uptake distribution pattern observed in the fetus was very different from that of the mother. For example, mothers showed rapid uptake and clearance of the drug in the heart, kidneys and lungs, with slower uptake in the ...

Duke engineers develop new 3-D cardiac imaging probe

...rent ultrasound technology to image a single heart cross section. The new probe has considerable potential not only for evaluating the condition of the heart, but also for use in guiding therapeutic treatment devices, the researchers said. The new Duke probe can also be used to image the esophagus, rectum...

Multiple-drug resistant gene expression pattern predicts treatment outcome for pediatric leukemia

...ally expressed in ALL cells that exhibited de novo cross resistance to four widely used antileukemic agents. They went on to investigate the relationship of these genes to treatment outcome in ALL patients and found that expression of the genes was associated with treatment outcome and could be used to ide...

Low oxygen likely made Great Dying worse, greatly delayed recovery

...passes had insufficient oxygen to allow animals to cross from one valley to the next. That population fragm...is quite rapid, and animals that once were able to cross mountain passes quite easily suddenly had their movements severely restricted," Huey said. He calcu...

Scientists reveal the shape of a protein that helps retroviruses break into cells

...passes had insufficient oxygen to allow animals to cross from one valley to the next. That population fragm...is quite rapid, and animals that once were able to cross mountain passes quite easily suddenly had their movements severely restricted," Huey said. He calcu...

Rabies spread speeds up

...ead across central Ohio - compared to 48 months to cross the much smaller state of Connecticut - and cover the state within 41 months. This transmission rate - 100 kilometers/year - significantly surpasses previous estimates, which range from 30 to 60 kilometers/year. The potential for such rapid spread, i...

Amazon symposium to address large-scale conservation

...-scale, integrated approaches to conservation that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries. Large-scale conservation of the greater Amazon Basin region will depend upon (1) conservation analyses that describe the complex interactions among ecosystems, economies, and climate that will unfold into the futu...

Critical step traced in anthrax infection

... insight into the broader question of how proteins cross cell membranes. The findings appear in the July 29 issue of Science. An anthrax bacterium secretes three nontoxic proteins that assemble into a toxic complex on the surface of the host cell to set off a chain of events leading to cell toxicity and d...

Scientists discover global pattern of big fish diversity in open oceans

... the 1950's ?Japanese longline fisheries data ?and cross referencing these data with scientific observer data from the US and Australia, this study is the first to map communities of these open ocean travelers. Pelagic longlines are the most widespread fishing gear in the open ocean ?baited lines up to 10...

Recombinant DNA technology may enable oral, rather than injectable, delivery of protein drugs

...h the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and then able to cross over into the bloodstream to be used by the body, according to research from the University of Southern California School of Pharmacy. This technology may allow for oral administration of drugs that previously could only be given by injection, notes...

Wild grasses and man-made wheats advance research capabilities

...Texas Wheat Producers Board. "My preference is to cross wheat with wheat," Rudd said. "The best chance for success is to cross High Plains wheat with High Plains wheat. But to get genetic variability, you cross state lines or e...

Scientists discover that three molecules may be developed into new Alzheimer's drugs

.... It is also important to find molecules that will cross the blood brain barrier. They then set up a test of nearly 400 small molecules that fit their criteria. The test results showed three small molecules that can inhibit the enzyme. These are candidates for development as drugs. Kosik explained that p...

Scientists at Galileo Pharmaceuticals confirm inflammatory response linked to glucose levels

.... It is also important to find molecules that will cross the blood brain barrier. They then set up a test of nearly 400 small molecules that fit their criteria. The test results showed three small molecules that can inhibit the enzyme. These are candidates for development as drugs. Kosik explained that p...

Identification of specific genes predicts which patients will respond to Hepatitis C treatment

... of Medical Research at University of Toronto with cross appointments in the Departments of Medical Biophysics and Medical Genetics and Microbiology. He is also a senior scientist at the Clinical Genomics Centre at the University Health Network and Director and CEO of the Structural Genomics Consortium. "W...

Compound might defeat African sleeping sickness, clinical trial beginning this month

...he new drug candidates are active because they can cross the blood-brain barrier, a biological wall that protects the nervous system naturally but can block beneficial drugs, he said. Work is also progressing rapidly on a new drug for drug-resistant malaria, another major threat in developing countries. T...

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Many of 2 billion dryland dwellers at risk as land degrades

...owth of health and education infrastructure. "The cross boundary nature of the problem makes desertification a global concern ?one that receives too little attention," says co-author Zafar Adeel, Assistant Director of the United Nations University water academy in Canada, the UNU International Network on ...

Gap-climbing fruit flies reveal components of goal-driven behaviors

...y were thus forced to decide whether to attempt to cross the gap "by foot." The researchers found that the ...first visually measure the gap width and then only cross the gap if it is a traversable width. If the chasm is short, flies engage in an extraordinary crossi...

New research could help us deliver genes for new bone formation

...new research will use tiny nanoscopic systems that cross the surface of a stem cell and then deliver the genes into that prompt the cell to turn into a bone cell. Professor Richard Oreffo at the University of Southampton and Dr Martin Garnett and Professor Kevin Shakesheff at the University of Nottingham...

Researchers uncover E. coli's defense mechanism

... through undercooked meat, unwashed vegetables and cross contamination from surfaces on which these foods were prepared. Infections from either of these organisms can cause diarrhea, abdominal cramps and sometimes more serious illnesses that require hospitalization. E.coli doesn't respond well to antibioti...

Unweaving amyloid fibers to solve prion puzzles

..."This gives us insight as to why some prions can't cross the species barrier while others can--as they have with mad cows and humans.," says Lindquist. That gap has also been observed between other species, she notes: "In fact, some type of prions from infected hamsters can't make the species jump into mic...

Geckos: It's not always about sex

...e. "This makes them a bit like mules, which are a cross between a horse and a donkey," said Kearney. "Mules are very robust animals, but they cannot reproduce." Kearney's research suggested that the hybrid forms of Bynoe's geckos could not only reproduce through parthenogenesis, but were "super tough," ju...

Clearing jams in copy machinery

...he low fidelity Pol IV, coordinate their action to cross obstacles encountered in the replication process. They attach themselves at the same time to one beta sliding clamp. Pol III copies the original DNA, and acts as a proofreader to catch any misspellings and cuts any base that is wrong. But Pol III is ...

Toxic flood lifts lid on common urban pollution problem

...g sunlight penetration and plant growth. Once they cross a certain threshold, organic chemicals and metals also can be harmful to people. New Orleans officials remain extremely concerned about bacterial contamination in the flood waters. Typically the result of contamination from untreated sewage, bacteri...

Neurotransmitters signal aggressive cancer, offer potential for early diagnosis

...iagnosis and treatment options. "We used a way to cross from basic sequence information in genomes to information about the substances likely to arise in tumors" says Ippolito. The research team first analyzed the activity of genes in the mouse tumors using GeneChips, miniaturized arrays of gene sequence...

Divergent mating systems and parental conflict as a barrier to hybridization in flowering plants

...of self-compatible individuals, but the reciprocal cross fails. Since both pre- and post-zygotic consequences of this imbalanced conflict can perturb successful fertilization and development, they provide barriers to hybridization and may facilitate speciation. ...

Researchers identify molecular anchor that allows bacterial invasion of central nervous system

...nchoring is a necessary first step for bacteria to cross from the bloodstream into the central nervous system through an anatomical obstacle called the blood-brain barrier. "Streptococcus, which can cause meningitis, has to penetrate the normally impermeable blood-brain barrier in order to enter the centr...

DNA self-assembly used to mass-produce patterned nanostructures

...s into the shape of a cross. In the middle of each cross was a loop of DNA that can be attached to another molecule that can in turn bind to a protein molecule to give the tile a tag visible by AFM. Each arm of the cross, about 10 nanometers long, had a pair of "sticky ends" where the DNA strand was made o...

Researchers show how air pollution can cause heart disease

... more plaque than those breathing filtered air. In cross sections taken from the largest artery in the body--the aorta--mice on normal diets and exposed to PM2.5 had arteries 19.2 percent filled with plaque, the fatty deposits that clog arteries. The arteries of those breathing particle-free air were 13.2 ...

Wild Gorillas Handy with a Stick

... her, and, walking upright, used it as a bridge to cross the muck. That tool use was seen in lowland gorillas and not mountain gorillas—the most intensively studied gorillas—may reflect the different ecological challenges facing the two populations, supporting the notion that ecology influences the evolut...

Engineered Stem Cells Show Promise For Sneaking Drugs Into The Brain

...nson's patients for it to work, as it is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. In an effort to develop a less invasive strategy to effectively deliver the drug to the brain, Svendsen's team implanted the GDNF secreting cells into the brains of rats and elderly primates. The cells migrated within critic...

Biologists discover new pathway into plant cells

...e identified for the first time a protein that can cross plant cell membranes, where it functions as a toxin to kill the cell. It had been known that viruses and bacteria can penetrate cell wall barriers and disrupt plant cells, but never before has a protein been found that could do this by itself. When ...

UW scientists unravel critical genetic puzzle for flu virus replication

...s virions. The virus particles, when observed as a cross section, always displayed the circle of seven RNA fragments surrounding another segment pattern. "No one has identified this before, perhaps because no one has ever tried to make serial sections of the virus." ...

Experimental TB drug effective against resistant and latent mycobacterium tuberculosis

...used to treat tuberculosis. We have identified no cross resistance with existing drugs. Every isolate we have tested so far has been susceptible to this compound," says Nicole Parrish of Johns Hopkins Medical School, a lead researcher on the study. "This compound (FAS20013) appears to be a potential ne...

Study in Science holds promise for a new approach to drug therapy

...in place. It would also have to be small enough to cross through the cell membrane and have its effect inside the cell. Smrcka's team performed a computer-simulated experiment to see which drug-like molecules from an existing database of 1990 known structures would bind tightly to the hotspot, and to rank...

High resolution 'snapshots' detail dynamics of a cocaine antibody

...ally soaking up the drug before it has a chance to cross the blood brain barrier-as a potentially effective new approach to treat cocaine abuse." Using a monoclonal antibody endowed not only with high binding ability, but also with sufficient catalytic activity to metabolize cocaine, would have potentiall...

Exotic crab poised for widespread UK invasion

...ead colonisation is increased by the fact they can cross dry land and can migrate up to 1,000km while growing to adult size. A decrease in river pollution and a prolonged period of drought in the late 1980s - which together improved habitat conditions for mitten crabs - are potential reasons for the re...

Tramiprosate (Alzhemed? preclinical results published in Neurobiology of Aging

...cule known as an amyloid β antagonist, designed to cross the blood-brain-barrier, bind to soluble Aβ peptide and interfere with the amyloid cascade, thereby leading to the prevention or inhibition of amyloid deposition and the toxic effects of Aβ peptide in the brain. About the Phase III Clinical Trial...

It's not fair! We are programmed to resist weight loss

...commend longer exercise times, higher intensity or cross training to combat it," Dr King said. "But these studies show that a plateau in body weight occurs even in the face of a continued negative energy balance." In the first study, 30 obese men and women took part in a 12-week, laboratory-based exerc...

Viral genetic differences are possible key to HIV dementia

...sicians to select for antiretroviral regimens that cross the blood-brain barrier into the CNS most efficiently." Or, he speculates, "we might actually try to design a drug to target these genetic variants that are responsible for the neurological damage." Pillai notes that the issue of HIV dementia is p...

DOE JGI finishes 100th microbial genome

...multi-celled organisms invisible to the naked eye, cross all main branches of the tree of life, Eubacteria, Archaea, and even the Eukaryota, which include microscopic fungi, plants, and animals. The 100th microbial genome, a project originally proposed by Dr. Kevin Sowers of the Center of Marine Biotech...

Researchers develop flood-tolerant California rice

...Indian and California rice and then continuing the cross breeding over several generations until all the Indian rice genes, except the cluster of genes needed for submergence tolerance, were gradually replaced with genes from the California rice. The result was California rice that can withstand floods in ...

Major initiative proposed to address amphibian crisis

...ne are insufficient to address global threats that cross boundaries of reserves and nations, the scientists said in their report. ...

Smokers invite to test vaccine against nicotine addiction

...these antibodies, nicotine molecules no longer can cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain. "With little or no nicotine reaching the brain, smoking is less rewarding. That gives the smoker a chance to change the behavioral and social factors that also influence smoking," said Victor Reus, MD,...

Scientists discover that ancient genes dictate flowering, fall bud set

...cally engineered trees sterile so that they cannot cross with wild trees -- used consecutive years of poplar clones to study the multi-year delay in flowering. The Science paper reports their discovery that the expression of the FT gene increases with age. "This gradual increase might be part of the mechan...

Important gene controlling tree growth and development found

...e breeder has to wait for 10-20 years between each cross in his breeding program. The poplar tree FT gene, controlling both the flowering time of trees and the time for growth cessation and bud set in the fall, has been identified by a research group led by professor Ove Nilsson at the Umeå Plant Science ...

Hair samples show babies can be exposed to 'crystal meth' while in the womb

...evels matched, indicating that the drug is able to cross the placenta directly to the developing fetus, say the authors. Only one newborn had no evidence of the drug in its hair. Fetal hair starts to grow at about 20 weeks. The authors say that the precise effects of crystal meth on a fetus are not...

St. Jude test of bird flu vaccine proves successful

...ates so it becomes adapted to humans, this kind of cross protection will allow the immune system to track and attack such an emerging new variant without missing a beat," Webby said. "We wouldn't have to wait to start developing a vaccine against it until after the original virus mutated." Webby's team ...

With record resolution and sensitivity, tool images how life organizes in a cell membrane

...th proteins like receptors and ion channels, which cross the membrane many times and transmit signals from ...he outside of the cell to the inside. Others don't cross the membrane at all-they are anchored to the membrane by lipid-like entities or by single transmembr...

Cell wall of pneumonia bacteria can cause brain and heart damage

...arned how to exploit PAFr and use it as a ferry to cross the endothelium of the blood vessels and escape from the bloodstream," Tuomanen said. "From there they enter the cardiomyocytes or neurons in the brain by binding to PAFr on those cells as well." The investigators used laboratory culture studies t...

Mayo Clinic study suggests that a central nervous system viral infection can lead to memory deficits

...in injuries. "We think picornavirus family members cross into the brain and cause a variety of brain injuri...ects the host due to unsanitary conditions, it can cross over into the brain and cause encephalitis, which can lead to conditions ranging from lethargy to a ...

Researchers barcode DNA of Venice museum's vast fungi collection

...ergemann. "They'll be able to use our database for cross comparisons. It's also useful for people who study species distribution. For example, if you want to figure out how some species are related to one another, and you know something about their taxonomy, you can go back to their DNA to see if the morph...

Beyond the book: Software automates access to brain atlases

...in ?that is stacked up in hundreds or thousands of cross sectional views. Now researchers need to open a book to do this, which can slow things down. "Researchers need to be able to find a given segment immediately, and compare the segment with any other," says Burns. "To do this using a printed volume...

Slow brain waves play key role in coordinating complex activity

...a new phone number or attend to moving cars as you cross an intersection, you'll have an increase in the strength of the theta rhythm in many different brain regions," Canolty said. "The idea is that this theta rhythm might be more of an executive control mechanism to tie different brain areas together, wh...

Scientists find mutations that let bird flu adapt to humans

...y that will help predict when the avian virus will cross the threshold to become a human pathogen. The last two flu pandemics in 1957 and 1968 were caused by avian viruses that had accumulated enough genetic mutations to be considered hybrids of animal and human viruses, Kawaoka notes. ...

Wild gorillas carriers of a SIV virus close to the AIDS virus

...lations concerning the ability of these viruses to cross over from one species to another. The main challenges facing these teams for future work will be determination of the prevalence, the geographical distribution and biology of SIV infections in these great apes, not forgetting the question of how the ...

Road-crossing in chimpanzees: A risky business

...s in perceived risk. Understanding how chimpanzees cross roads as a group would help shape our hypotheses about the emergence of hominoid social organization. Progression order--the order in which individuals travel within a group--was studied in the small community of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus...

Interaction between lymph and liver cells may affect immune response

...owever, the question remains as to how T cells can cross the endothelial barrier to interact with liver cel...d to be activated by professional APCs in order to cross the endothelial barrier, and that hepatocytes can function as APCs. In fact, this T cell activation ...