complex

DNA Molecules Used To Assemble Nanoparticles

... flock to the diseased cells. The other end of the complex carries a fluorescent protein so that the research...molecule would self-assemble into a four-dendrimer complex carrying one drug, one target, and one fluorescent. ...

Wisconsin scientists grow critical nerve cells

...al to expose the growing stem cells to an array of complex chemical cocktails. The cocktails constitute natur...as scientists always believed. Rather, a series of complex overlapping changes may well be the developmental norm in higher vertebrates such as humans. "We ca...

A new mechanism of regulating RNA degradation

... from transcription could be regulated by the RISC complex (siRNA-mediated degradation via Dicer). And now it...eems that regulation at the RNA level is even more complex than we first imaginated... As any dedicated video game player knows, the first requirement for us...

FDA Approves Human Hookworm Vaccine for Phase I Safety Trials

... from transcription could be regulated by the RISC complex (siRNA-mediated degradation via Dicer). And now it...eems that regulation at the RNA level is even more complex than we first imaginated... As any dedicated video game player knows, the first requirement for us...

UAB scientists discover the origin of a mysterious physical force

... a remarkable capacity to organise themselves into complex structures that are strongly orientated in such a way as to cancel out the electric field, and on some occasions, to reverse it. This abnormal behaviour was discovered by the same researchers and published in Physical Review Letters in April 2004. T...

Novel technology detects human DNA mutations

...ysis of whole human genomic DNA is extraordinarily complex asit requires sifting through the more than one billion base pairs of DNA to find a particular base pair of interest. Once that base pair is located, it is then necessary to determine if either of the bases is mutated (i.e., has SNPs). Nanosphere's t...

Priming embryonic stem cells to fulfill their promise

...in the body.Embryonic stem cell differentiation is complex and far from fullyunderstood. Scientists are focusing on four types of external inputsknown to be involved in triggering the differentiation of stem cells:soluble growth factors, adjacent cells, mechanical forces, andextracellular matrix proteins tha...

Growth in the sea comes down to a struggle for iron

...rget iron with these molecules. Siderophores don't complex other metals very well. The idea is that it (the molecule) is like a magic bullet. They release it, it binds iron, and then only they have the key to unlock it and get the iron out of it. "Now in reality it's warfare. In some cases other bacteria hav...

New, automated tool successfully classifies and relates proteins in unprecedented way

...ation in a cellimage. SLFs measure both simple and complex aspects of proteins, suchas shape, texture, edge q...ntology terms were too limited todescribe the many complex location patterns we found. Of course, theother drawback of term-based approaches is that they have ...

New binding target for oncogenic viral protein

..., Fbw7. This protein is part of a ubiquitin ligase complex that adds ubiquitin to proteins to mark them for destruction by the cell. Fbw7 recognizes a destruction signal on certain proteins that need to be degraded and brings them in close proximity to the enzymes that attach ubiquitin. The proteins recogniz...

Poor prenatal nutrition permanently damages function of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas

..., keeping everything in balance. But diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder with numerous players such as high levels of blood glucose, cholesterol and other lipids. "The challenge is to figure out which factors are a primary cause of diabetes and which are a consequence, said Dr. Patti. "In our study, we ...

Fox Chase Cancer Center scientists identify immune-system mutation

...ither class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Most helper T cells carry a surface protein called CD4, which is attracted to class II MHC. Killer cells carry the CD8 protein, attracted to class I MHC. However, the underlying molecular pathways that regulate this process have rema...

Genome of deadly amoeba shows surprising complexity, evidence of lateral gene transfer

... in developing countries, includes an unexpectedly complex repertoire of sensory genes as well as a variety o...nsion of some gene families characteristic of more complex organisms. Detailing the first systematic study of relatively recent horizontal gene transfer into ...

Anti-bacterial additive widespread in U.S. waterways

...al and humanhealth risks? This is a scientifically complex question consumers,knowingly or unknowingly, answer to everyday in the checkout line ofthe grocery store," said Dr. Halden....

Newly-discovered class of genes determines ?and restricts ?stem cell fate

...ion. The ability of a single biochemical factor or complex of factors to have this dual role may represent a ...od Pan and Peter Pan, who were able to orchestrate complex events while never growing old." Epstein thinks that this concept may also be important for underst...

Timing is everything: First step in protein building revealed

...om getting started. Only afterits release from the complex can the ribosome start making proteins."No one had any idea when eIF1 was released from the ribosome, or thatits release might serve an important purpose, so this was a completelyunexpected result," says graduate student David Maag, first author ofth...

Plants, animals share molecular growth mechanisms

A newly discovered plant protein complex that apparently switches on plants' growth machine...cording Purdue University scientists. The protein complex triggers communication between molecules along a pathway that leads to the creation of long protein ...

Research advances quest for HIV-1 vaccine

...es AIDS. A new detailed structural analysis of the complex formed by an anti-HIV antibody called 4E10 and its... examining the detailed molecular structure of the complex formed when 4E10 binds to gp41 and determining how interaction of 4E10 with gp41 influences the viru...

Computers to be used to find blueprint for new influenza drug

...ware to model the way these atoms behave in highly complex interactions, the atomic structure of a suitable drug can be worked out. Using computer modelling in this way can be of great assistance in drug design. Normally drugs are produced by trial and error in a process that can take many years. Professor...

Ecological destruction fuels emerging diseases

...ll require a detailed understanding of their often complex multi-host life cycles. "It's very difficult to link these things up," he says. "It's very time consuming to do that, but without that information we don't know how these parasites are transmitted." And without basic systematics and taxonomic infor...

Bound for destruction: Ubiquitination protects against improper Notch signaling

...o ubiquitination, in which proteins aretagged by a complex of ubiquitin proteins. This system is best knownfor its function in marking proteins for degradation by a wastedisposal unit known as a proteasome. Hayashi et al. sought to study thepossibility that ubiquitination might play a part in rendering theun...

“Nano-scissors?laser shows precise surgical capability

...erve regeneration inmice and zebrafish, which have complex nervous systems. This laserallows researchers to study nerve cells at their most basicevolutionary form, opening the door to other experiments on genetic andmolecular factors that determine whether damaged nerve cells regrow.Ben-Yakar developed the f...

Novel Enzyme Shows Potential As An Anti-HIV Target

...ing Tat. The regulation of HIV genes depends on a complex interplay between proviral DNA, cellular proteins and transcription factors, and Tat. Unlike most transcription factors, Tat activates transcription by binding to RNA, specifically to a bulging “stem-loop?structure that forms at one end of all viral ...

Molecular machine may lead to new drugs to combat human diseases

...shape by folding and bending. By crystallizing the complex at various stages, the scientists can determine an...vestigating their function. Crystallization of the complex is one tool to determine their purpose. Two intron structures in different stages of the cycle have...

Color-blind method opens new doors in DNA sequencing

...of light emitted by the dyes is similar. Even with complex computer programs to assist in deciphering the signals, this "cross-talk" between the dyes results in subtle variations that can cause nucleotides to be miscalled. The new method developed at BCM and Rice, called pulsed multiline excitation, uses fo...

An HIV Protein Plays a Surprising Role in Gene Activation

...ral transcription factors to form a pre-initiation complex (PIC) on the gene's promoter, where it binds to re...with the TATA box is called TFIID, a large protein complex containing a protein that binds the TATA box (aptly named the TATA-box-binding protein, or TBP) and ...

Spider Venom Could Yield Eco-Friendly Insecticides

...s chemical analysis. Funnel-web spider venom is a complex brew of more than 100 chemical compounds, most of which are toxic to insects, but not vertebrates. King is studying the molecular structures of the toxins that selectively target the nervous systems of insects to understand the toxins' mechanism of a...

Enzyme shown to help protect genomic stability

... genes become available for expression. It is the complex activity governing this process to which Ubp10 contributes. Enzymatic modifications to histones control DNA activation or silencing through the addition or removal of acetyl, methyl, and ubiquitin molecules in prescribed sequences and patterns. One j...

Scientists decipher genome of fungus that can cause life-threatening infections

...mong the surprising findings of the study were the complex genestructures discovered in C. neoformans that are unlike those found inpreviously sequenced yeasts and are reminiscent of the genomes of morecomplex organisms. The study also catalogued, for the first time on agenome-wide scale in fungi, examples o...

Researchers identify target for cancer drugs

...ther organisms such as the fruit fly. Finding this complex conserved in species as diverse as flies and humans supports the claim that the mTOR/rictor complex is indeed a missing piece of the puzzle. According to Sarbassov, "If we find a molecule that can bl...

Plant hemoglobins: Oxygen handlers critical for nitrogen fixation

...oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase, the bacterial enzyme complex responsible for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Thus, plant hemoglobins fulfill roles analogous to those of animal hemoglobins, as well as novel roles that are apparently unique to symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Thomas Ott, Joost van Dongen, Catrin Günth...

Protein Packages Found To Activate Genes; May Be What Regulates Development And Disease

...the Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., where a complex analysis of packaging of two entire human chromoso...rgans and tissues, like brains and muscles, into a complex living organism. HOX genes are also vital for understanding the way that people get certain cancers...

New Study from Affymetrix Laboratories Points to Changing View of How Genome Works

...t are the regulation schemes that orchestrate such complex assemblies of transcription? It seems certain that...ed from distinct regions of the genome, creating a complex pool of overlapping transcription. While the team validated many known protein-coding transcripts th...

Discovery of key protein's shape could lead to improved bacterial pneumonia vaccine

...ms ofyoung children. “However such vaccines are so complex that they cancarry carbohydrate targets for only a few specific strains of pneumoniabacteria,?Tuomanen said. “So children are always under-protected,since there are so many different strains of these bacteria.?Knowingthe shape of CbpA will guide rese...

New comparative toxicogenomics database

...ms ofyoung children. “However such vaccines are so complex that they cancarry carbohydrate targets for only a few specific strains of pneumoniabacteria,?Tuomanen said. “So children are always under-protected,since there are so many different strains of these bacteria.?Knowingthe shape of CbpA will guide rese...

Elephants imitate truck noises, other animals

... develop new communication signals for maintaining complex individual-specific social relationships, study co-author Peter Tyack of WHOI said. Tyack has studied the social behavior and acoustics signals of marine mammals, especially dolphins and whales, for decades. "It is exciting to see that African savan...

Placenta Is A Rich Source Of Blood Stem Cells

... excellence in patient care and sensitivity to the complex needs and diversity of children and families. Children's also is the primary pediatric teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School. For more information about the hospital visit: http://www.childrenshospital.org/research. ...

Elephants imitate sounds as a form of social communication

... develop new communication signals for maintaining complex individual-specific social relationships, study co-author Peter Tyack of WHOI said. Tyack has studied the social behavior and acoustics signals of marine mammals, especially dolphins and whales, for decades. "It is exciting to see that African savan...

Highly adaptable genome in gut bacterium key to intestinal health

...gh gear when its host's diet changes from sugar to complex carbohydrates. This adaptive mechanism not only a...in the functions and stability of the gut's highly complex microbial society, according to researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis...

Researchers find missing genes of ancient organism

... to internal sequences found in tRNA genes of more complex organisms., These regions, termed introns, are sequences that are cut out of whole gene transcripts during the process of tRNA maturation. The known tRNA introns in organisms like yeast, however, appear to have no function. Therefore, modern tRNA int...

Scientists reveal molecular secrets of the malaria parasite

...sts and insectvectors.That focus on the parasites' complex life cycle is helping researchersunderstand when different genes switch on and off as the pathogensmetamorphose through seven different life stages. In turn, thatmolecular-level data may benefit biomedical scientists who areidentifying new targets fo...

Alcohol's effects on gene expression in the central nervous system

... bioinformatic approaches to better understand the complex neurobiological mechanisms underlying alcohol addiction. "Future research will need to determine changes in gene expression in very discrete neuronal pathways that may be involved in mediating the effects of alcohol that lead to addiction," he said. ...

MSI releases 'moleculizer' - a new approach to simulation of intracellular biochemical networks

...nt simulator, which keeps trackof the thousands of complex species formed from pathway proteins as itsimulates reactions between them by a standard Monte Carlo method. Adistinguishing aspect of Moleculizer is its ability to generate proteincomplexes and reactions as they are needed, as opposed to generatinga...

The Shapes Of Life: NIGMS Project Yields More Than 1,000 Protein Structures

...er-hanging fruit ?protein structures that are more complex and harder to solve ?we will need to develop additional tools and methods.?/p> As part of the PSI effort, all the structures determined by the centers are collected, stored, and made publicly available by the Protein Data Bank (PDB), http://www.r...

Bird Brains Show How Trial and Error May Contribute to Learning

...um). In the avian brain, LMAN receives input about complex movements from the basal ganglia and forwards the information to motor neurons that participate in song production. Without LMAN, scientists have long known, a young bird cannot learn its song, but an adult bird can sing its song without that region ...

Agilent Technologies releases automated literature search tool for biology researchers

...m that enables researchers to form a visual map of complex biological networks, increasing their understanding of molecular pathways and the biological causes of disease. The Agilent Literature Search tool automatically searches for and extracts information from multiple textual databases, such as those of ...

South America's vast pantanal wetland may become next everglades, UNU experts warn

...kages approach" needed to manage the Pantanal The complex interconnections and inter-linkages at the ecological level ?as for example, between climate change and biodiversity ?underline the need to develop inter-linkages at the policy level as well, UNU says. In other words, the environmental, economic, and...

Affymetrix and the Karolinska Institutet Announce Translational Medicine Strategic Alliance

...genome-wide association studies on the genetics of complex diseases. About Affymetrix: Affymetrix scientists invented the world's first high-density microarray in 1989 and began selling the first commercial microarray in 1994. Since then, Affymetrix GeneChip(R) technology has become the industry standard in...

Family trees of ancient bacteria reveal evolutionary moves

...half billion years ago Cyanobacteria predated more complex organisms like multi-cellular plants and functione... emerging some two billion years ago were becoming complex microbes that had larger cell diameters than earlier groups ?at least 2.5 microns. Blank's tree show...

Scientists discover how fish evolved to float at different sea depths

...he depths of the sea. The mechanism comprises of a complex system of arteries and veins, called the rete mirabile, and special blood proteins, which can release oxygen even at high oxygen concentrations. These systems drive oxygen from the blood into the swimbladder allowing the fish to float at different l...

Sequencing of marine bacterium will help study of cell communication

...eam that annotated the sequence." Annotation is a complex process that assigns functions to genes. Having access to the genetic sequence in order to perform this chore gave Stevens and Faini early access to specific information about the genes of the bacterium she has been studying for several years. Many ...

Chemists identify key gene in development of type 1 diabetes

..., N.Y. "It is not the only factor involved in this complex disease, but it is certainly a promising target for its prevention and treatment." In preliminary studies by the research group, specially bred mice that lacked the gene for the MIF protein failed to develop diabetes compared to mice that possessed ...

Towards precise classification of cancers based on robust gene functional expression profiles

..., N.Y. "It is not the only factor involved in this complex disease, but it is certainly a promising target for its prevention and treatment." In preliminary studies by the research group, specially bred mice that lacked the gene for the MIF protein failed to develop diabetes compared to mice that possessed ...

Cricket's finicky mating behavior boosts biodiversity

... planet looks. The more species you have, the more complex the ecology is going to be." In down-to-earth terms: "What turns a female cricket on? Why does she prefer one pulse rate over another? Whatever the reason, it's very important that she exercise this preference in order to keep the species distinct....

Variation in women's X chromosomes may explain differences among individuals, between sexes

...tial factor to explain sex-specific traits both in complex disease, as well as normal gender differences," he continued. Notwithstanding the genomic and biological significance of these sex-specific differences, many questions remain, Willard said. For example, further study is required to determine if the ...

Wisconsin researchers identify sleep gene

...uge affect on sleep in humans." Sleep is a highly complex activity and probably involves many genes, some of which are more influential than others, says Cirelli. "We believe this gene is very powerful because it acts on the final common pathway and has the ability to change the excitability of neurons." ...

New online portal merges vast data on Gulf of Maine ecosystem

...ine.edu, will enhance current understanding of the complex marine ecosystem off New England and Canada's sout...the data can be mined and combined to examine more complex relationships, such as the way the abundance of one species may vary with another, or how species ma...

Flocking together: Study shows how animal groups find their way

... ocean or other planets. "When you see apparently complex behaviors, the mechanisms that coordinate these be...gy. "You don't need avowed leaders, you don't need complex signaling." In the simulations, a small number of "informed" individuals was just about as effectiv...

Molecular models advance the fight against malaria

...to live and multiply. A protein subunit of the bc1 complex is where the malaria parasite mutates to counter a...ly how the drug interacted with the cytochrome bc1 complex ?the respiratory enzyme the parasites need to live and multiply -- on a molecular level. With this n...

Iron exporter revealed that may explain common human disorder

...ed. Iron balance is maintained instead through the complex regulation of tissues that transport, store, and utilize iron. Mammals, including humans, initially obtain iron from their mothers. After birth, the intestine absorbs dietary iron and releases it into the bloodstream where developing red blood cells...