sugar

Variety

...n adenine group), glycosylation (addition of a sugar group), acylation (addition of a lipid group), ... Full article >>> There are a wide variety of RNA and DNA polymerase s which have a wide range of specific activities and which operate optimally under different conditions. Ful...

Uracil

...A by cleaving the bond between the base and the sugar backbone. This enzyme ensures that DNA contain... nucleic acid similar to DNA but having ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose sugar and uracil rather than thymine as one of the pyrimidine bases...

Thymine

...via intervening units of phosphate and the pentose sugar deoxyribose . Full article >>> tha... nucleic acid similar to DNA but having ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose sugar and uracil rather than thymine as one of the pyrimidine bases...

Strand

...to DNA , but with ribose instead of deoxyribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine Source: Jenkins,... nucleic acid similar to DNA but having ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose sugar and uracil rather than thymine as one of the pyrimidine bases...

Starch

...sed by plant s and green algae to store surplus sugar for later use. stasis -- A period of little or no ...xygen , with twice as many hydrogens as oxygen s; sugar or starch . ... Full article >>> amylo starch anabolism The phase of intermedia...

Stamen

...sed by plant s and green algae to store surplus sugar for later use. Full article >>> stamen [L. a thread] The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower , consisting of an anther and filament. Full article >>> stamen The floral organ that produces poll...

Sieve tubes

...l article >>> Companion cells load sugar into the sieve element (sieve elements are connected into sieve tubes ). Fluids can move up or down within the phloem , and are trans located from one place to another. Sources are places where sugars are being produced. Full article >>...

RNA

... nucleic acid similar to DNA but having ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose sugar and uracil rather than thymine as one of the pyrimidine bases . Full article >>>...

Ribonucleotides

...ytosine for RNA ), a phosphate molecule , and a sugar molecule ( deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA ). Depending on the sugar the nucleotide s are called deoxyribonucleotide s or ... Full article >>> Enzyme ...

Ribonucleic acid

... consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous base s adenine (A), cytosi... and purine and pyrimidine s. ribose A 5-carbon sugar important in RNA and many other compound s. Full article >>> Ribonucleic acid ( ...

Respiration

... is reduced to form water. The carbon atoms of the sugar molecule are released as carbon dioxide (CO2). ...itochondria in which cells use oxygen to burn sugar for fuel (re- = back again; spira = to breathe) ... Full article >>> acceptor contro...

Residue

... surface, it does that by attaching to particular sugar residue s that are always present on all animal cells . Full article >>> Phosophotransfer between a histidine residue on the sensor domain and an aspartate residue inthe response regulator domain determines the phosphoryla...

Pyrimidine

... nucleic acid similar to DNA but having ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose sugar and uracil rather than thymine as one of the pyrimidine bases . Also known as: ribonucleic a...

Proximal

...e absorption of water, sodium, amino acids , and sugar takes place. PICTURE ... Full article >>> proximal Situated toward or near the point of attachment; opposite of distal , distant. proximate causation (factors)Mechanistic explanations for how behavior occurs, including, in particula...

Protein folding

...ng to New ... Full article >>> The sugar group can assist in protein folding or improve its stability. Glycoprotein s are often used in proteins that are at least in part located in extracellular space (that is, outside the cell ). Full article >>> a second mutation t...

Proteins

...replicates itself. RNA , however, substitutes the sugar ribose for deoxyribose and the base uracil for thymine , and is usually single- strand ed. Full article >>> Reggie-1 and reggie-2 are two evolution arily highly conserved proteins which are up-regulated in retina l ganglion ...

Protein

...otein . GLYCOSYLATION - The covalent addition of sugar moities to N or O atoms present in the side chains of certain amino acids of certain protein s , ... Full article >>> actin - protein which when polymerized forms microfilament s, part of the cytoskeleton and necessary for ...

Polysaccharide

...ccharide a biological macro molecule composed of sugar subunits; examples include starch and glycogen Source: Jenkins, John B. 1990. Human Genetics , 2nd Edition. New York: Harper & Row ... Full article >>> Polysaccharide s (sometimes called glycans) are relatively complex c...

Plant

...ond molecule s of carbon dioxide together to form sugar ( glucose ). The energy is stored in glucose . This process is called photosynthesis . Full article >>> Plant Genome Research Begins a New Voyage of Discovery Plant Genome II was held January 24-27, 1994 in San Diego. Full a...

Photorespiration

... carbon dioxide (CO2) to a phosphorylated 5-carbon sugar called ribulose bisphosphate. Full article >>> Photorespiration . Enhanced respiration of plant s in the light relative to dark respiration Photosynthate. A substance synthesized in the process of photosynthesis ... Full artic...

Photosynthesis

... ic molecule s using the energy of light. For the sugar glucose (one of the most abundant products of p... chlorophyll , and is used to fuel the building of sugar molecule s. phycocyanin -- blue, water-soluble pigment found in the cyanobacteria and the red ...

Phosphodiester Bond

... The covalent bond joining the 3' hydroxyl of the sugar moiety of one (deoxy)ribo nucleotide to the 5' hy...: The covalent bond between the 3' hydroxyl in the sugar ring of one nucleotide and the 5' phosphate group of the sugar ring of the adjacent nucleotide ...

Phosphate group

...n adenine group), glycosylation (addition of a sugar group), acylation (addition of a lipid group), ....ull article >>> A bond between a two sugar groups and a phosphate group ; such bonds form the sugar-phosphate-sugar backbone of DNA and RNA...

Phloem

...ls arranged into elongated tubes that trans port sugar and other organ ic nutrients throughout the plant . Full article >>> phloem : structures of vascular plants that trans port sugars and other nutrients from the leaves to the other parts of the plant . phosphate group : a group ...

Pancreas

...ans of the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the blood. Interferon. A family of small pro...ans of the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the blood. Interferon. A family of small proteins that stimulate viral resistance in cells ....

Package

... surface, it does that by attaching to particular sugar residue s that are always present on all animal cells . Full article >>> When bacteriophages infect cells , proteins are produced that package replicated phage genome s into new phage particles. In the example at left t...

Origin

...). Full article >>> aldose A simple sugar in which the carbonyl carbon atom is an aldehyde alkaloids Nitrogen-containing organ ic compound s of plant origin . They are usually basic, and often have biological activity. An example would be caffeine. Full article >>> One ...

Operon

...ound in eukaryotes The lac operon Lactose is a sugar found in milk. If lactose is present, E. coli (the common intestinal bacterium) needs to produce the necessary enzymes to digest it. Three different enzymes are needed. Full article >>> Operon A set of genes trans cribed under t...

Nucleotide

...one of the nucleic acid bases , that along with sugar and inorganic phosphate make up the basic subunits...enous base , a phosphate molecule , and a pentose sugar molecule . Pentose sugar: A sugar molecule containing five carbon atoms. E.g.: deoxyribose . Fu...

Nucleoside

...side phosphates. A nitrogenous base linked to a sugar molecule . Related Terms: Nucleotide ... Full ...cle >>> NUCLEOSIDE - The composite sugar and purine or pyrimidine base which are present in nucleotide s which are the basic building ...

Nucleic acids

...phosphate group joined in ester linkage s to the sugar moiety. DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotide s. Nucleotide Y nucleoside . Full article >>> nucleotide -- unit from which nucleic acids are constructed by polymerization. It contains a sugar, a phosphate group , and an or...

Nucleic acid

...enous base , a phosphate molecule , and a pentose sugar molecule . Full article >>> Nucle...ne , or thymine with a ribose or 2- deoxyribose sugar moiety. A nucleoside is not phosphorylated. Full article >>> Ribo nucleic acid (...

Nerves

...e disease. We know what happens. We know the blood sugar goes up. We know the nerves get damaged, the blood vessels , ... Full article >>> Progressive degeneration of nerves and muscle s is demonstrated by motor problems, wasting and premature death. Tau is hyperphosphorylated but ther...

NADPH

...eactions in which CO2 from the air is used to form sugar molecule s. Full article >>> The carbon-fixing reactions of the second stage of photosynthesis ; energy stored in ATP and NADPH by the light-dependent reactions is used to reduce carbon from carbon dioxide to simple sugars; light...

Monosaccharides

... fructose . A carbohydrate composed of a single sugar unit, such as glucose , ribose, deoxyribose , et...elow and fix it. Full article >>> a sugar composed of two monosaccharides ; usually refers to 12-carbon sugars Source: Noland, George B. 1983...

Molecular biology

...In molecular biology ; a molecule composed of a sugar (2' deoxyribose in DNA ; ribose in RNA ) which is linked to a purine ( adenine or guanine ) or a pyrimidine ( thymine ( DNA ), cytidine or uridine ( RNA )). Full article >>> Among the resources at Cell and Molecular Biolo...

Mitochondrion

... organelle that is the "engine" of cells where sugar is burned for fuel the plural is " mitochondria " (mito = thread; chondro = grain corn cartilage ) ... Full article >>> The human mitochondrion contains 5-10 identical, circular molecule s of DNA . Each consists of 16,569 base...

Lipid

...n adenine group), glycosylation (addition of a sugar group), acylation (addition of a lipid group), ... Full article >>> : The influence exerted by a living plant on other plant s nearby or microorganisms through production of chemicals. These include 1) carbohydrates and lipid ...

Linkage

...ed to digest the -1-4 glycosidic linkage in milk sugar (lacto = milk; -ase = enzyme ending) ... Full article >>> A set of closely linked genetic marker s present on one chromosome which tend to be inherited together (not easily separable by recombination ). Some haplotype s may be ...

Islets of Langerhans

...ans of the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the blood. Interferon. A family of small pro...ans of the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the blood. Interferon. A family of small proteins that stimulate viral resistance in cells ....

Insulin

... antagonistically with glucagon to control blood sugar levels. Full article >>> insulin ...ans of the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the blood. Interferon. A family of small proteins that stimulate viral resistance in cells ....

Hydrogen bond

... sides of the "ladder" are formed by a backbone of sugar and phosphate molecule s, and the "rungs" consist of nucleotide bases joined weakly in the middle by hydrogen bond s. Full article >>>...

Homeostasis

...t al conditions, including body temperature, blood sugar level, and metabolic rate. Full article >>> Homeostasis the ability of an animal to maintain a constant internal environment (homeo homo = same like alike; stasis = standing posture) ... Full article >>> The Kidn...

Guanine

...via intervening units of phosphate and the pentose sugar deoxyribose . Full article >>> In the case of DNA this is comprised of adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). RNA is identical with the exception that thymine (T) is substituted with uracil (U). Codon...

Glycosylation

...;> Glycosylation : The covalent addition of sugar moities to N or O atoms present in the side chains...essing activity is glycosylation : the adding of sugar molecule s to form glycoprotein s. In some cells , e.g. Full article >>> This re ...

Glycoprotein

...tive compound in plant s that always contains a sugar group, although the active part of the molecule ...otein . GLYCOSYLATION - The covalent addition of sugar moities to N or O atoms present in the side chains of certain amino acids of certain proteins , ....

Glucagon

...gon and insulin work together to maintain blood sugar levels. Full article >>> glucagon : a hormone produced in the pancreas that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver . glucose : a carbohydrate with the chemical formula C6H12O6 that serves as the prima...

Glucose

...of energy for cellular respiration galactose, a sugar in milk (and yogurt), and fructose , a sugar found in honey. Full article >>> glucose -- simple sugar, and the primary product o...

Germline

...ametes . Glycosylation : The covalent addition of sugar moities to N or O atoms present in the side chains of certain amino acids of certain proteins , ... Full article >>> 130. Germline Deletion Complexes in Embryo nic Stem Cell s for Mapping Gene Function in Mouse - Human ...

Gametes

...ametes . Glycosylation : The covalent addition of sugar moities to N or O atoms present in the side chains of certain amino acids of certain proteins , ... Full article >>> In eucaryotes, recombination occurs during the formation of haploid gametes from diploid cell s. Recombinat...

Fructose

... found in many plant s; the primary form in which sugar produced by photosynthesis is trans located. sudoriferous gland A sweat gland. sugar A monosaccharide; a carbohydrate with the general formula CnH2nOn. Full article >>> ...

Excretion

... >>> an abnormal condition marked by sugar excretion in urine and high blood glucose levels caused by an insufficiency of insulin Source: Noland, George B. 1983. General Biology , 11th Edition. St. Louis, MO. C. V. Mosby What Topic Is Your BIOLOGY Paper On? Full article >>...

Endosymbiont

... provided by the "proto mitochondrion " and excess sugar provided by the "proto chloroplast ", while providing a stable environment and the raw materials the endosymbiont s required. Full article >>> The evidence for trans fer of genes from mitochondria and plastid s to the nucleus ...

DNA

...via intervening units of phosphate and the pentose sugar deoxyribose . Full article >>> DNA transcription - process in which molecule s of RNA are synthesized in which a strand of DNA acts as a template . dolichol - special lipid molecule that holds precursor oligosaccharide...

Disaccharides

...mmon disaccharides : sucrose — common table sugar = glucose + fructose lactose — major sugar in milk = glucose + galactose maltose — product of starch digestion = glucose + gluc...

Diploid

...hromosomes ) Disaccharide a slightly more complex sugar consisting of two monosaccharides bonded together by dehydration synthesis (di = two; sacchar = sugar) ... Full article >>> diploid Refers to a cell nucleus containing two of each type of chromosome . Refers to an organ ism in...

Dimer

... studied so far. Full article >>> A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimer s ( disaccharides ) or polymers ( polysaccharides ). carbon cycle ... Full article >>> excision repair Means by which cells are able to repair certain kinds of damage ( dimer ized pyrimidine s) ...

Digestion

...e Anaerobic glycolysis , the conversion from sugar to alcohol using yeast ... Full article >>> Sticky ends : After digestion of a DNA with certain restriction enzymes , the ends left have one strand overhang ing the other to form a short (typically 4 nt) single- strand ed seg...

Deoxyribose

deoxyribose a 5-carbon sugar having one oxygen atom less than ribose sugar;...rticle >>> deoxyribose Five-carbon sugar found in nucleotide s of DNA . PICTURE depth diversity gradient The increase in species richness...

Deoxyribonucleotide

...leotide See: nucleotide Deoxyribose A type of sugar that is one component of DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ). Full article >>> DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE - nucleotide s which are the building blocks of DNA and which lack the 2' hydroxyl moiety present in the ribonucleotides of RNA . F...