population

Xenobiology

...l. Full article >>> Interdependent population s and their habitat s are examined in ecology and evolutionary biology . A speculative new field is astro biology (or xenobiology ) which examines the possibility of life beyond the Earth. Full article >>>...

Viability

...ail to germinate. Full article >>> population viability ana lysis (PVA) A method of predicting whether or not a species will persist in a particular environment . positional information ... Full article >>> The Commercial Viability of EXCAVATOR: A Software Tool for Gene ...

Variety

...ple, suppose that 65% of the eye-color genes in a population were for individuals with blue eyes and 35% of th... toppled it. There is less variation in natural population s than the neutral theory predicts. Full article >>> Flymove Contains a variety o...

Variation

...; Variation For many trait s that occur in a population , individuals are often not all identical. Full a...2; variation Diversity among the members of a population . Variation among individuals can exist at many levels, including genetic, physiologic and behavio...

Vaccine

...weight of all organ isms in a particular sample, population , or area. Bioremediation . Full article >>> There are potentially momentous biotechnology applications of GM, for example oral vaccine s produced naturally in fruit at very low cost. Full article >>> The concept of ...

Upstream

...ll article >>> If, for example, the population in question is a type of frog and the distinction between two groups is that individuals living upstream are generally white, while those found in the lowlands are black, ... Full article >>> function without any promoter activity...

Turnover

turnover rate the rate at which members of a population or community replace themselves turpentine A solvent that includes two terpenes--camphor and pinene. tusk shell s Molluscs that have an elongate, tapered shell that is open at both ends. Full article >>> Turnover : The balance b...

Transition

...d by another. transition al zone A zone in which population s from two or more adjacent communities meet and overlap. Full article >>> Transition : A nucleotide substitution in which one pyrimidine is replaced by the other pyrimidine , or one purine replaced by the other purine (e.g...

Transgenic plant

...ed a new gene into the gene pool of the maize population outside of the crop field. The ecological and environment al effects of transgenic plant s are ... Full article >>>...

Transformation

...requency The relative proportion of cells in a population that are trans formed in a single experiment. F...arge numbers, and certainly not the entire parent population . Full article >>> They also discovered that protein -digesting enzymes (proteases...

Trans-

...acid. Full article >>> In a closed population , only the trans- heterozygotes (l1 + / + l2) for... : The maintenance of two or more alleles in a population due to a selective advantage of the heterozygote . Full article >>> Many special hi...

Trait

...ffect reproduction , survival , and the rate of population growth. life table ... Full article >>&#... a given trait . Cline: a series of contig uous population s that exhibit gradual and continuous change of character in response to some environment al grad...

Theory

...he high degree of antibody variability found in population . The germ-line theory suggests that every B ly...an altruistic act in the donor will spread in the population if B/C >1/r or ... Full article >>> This theory was confirmed in the 1980s whe...

Taq polymerase

... particular gene that occur simultaneously in a population . Poly nucleotide . A DNA polymer composed of multiple nucleotide s. Full article >>> Automated, direct cycle sequencing of purified double- strand ed PCR products using Taq polymerase and fluorescently-labeled dideoxy nucleot...

Tandem repeat sequence

... ping, when the number of repeats varies in the population . Found in satellites, minisatellite s and microsatellite s ... Full article >>> Tandem repeat sequence s Multiple copies of the same base sequence on a chromosome ; used as marker s in physical map ping. See also: physical...

Synergism

synergism : a type of relationship in which two population s accomplish together what neither could accomplish on its own. T telophase : a phase during mitosis in which the chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles of the cell . Full article >>> synergism The inter action of two or mor...

Synapse

... synergism : a type of relationship in which two population s accomplish together what neither could accomplish on its own. T ... Full article >>> synapse (sin-aps) [Gk. synapsis , a union] The locus where one neuron communicates with another neuron in a neural pathway; ... Full art...

Sympatric

Sympatric speciation happens when members of a population develop some genetic difference that prevents the...enome that produces a reproductively isolated sub population in the midst of its parent population . Full article >>> sympatric Having the sam...

Symbiosis

...> symbiosis : the relationship between two population s that live together in a close, permanent, and mutually beneficial association. sympathetic nervous system : a sub division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for an emergency. Full article >>> symbiosis -- n...

Sutures

... skull. symbiosis : the relationship between two population s that live together in a close, permanent, and mutually beneficial association. Full article >>> Cranial sutures , joining the bones of the cranium . Gomphoses, the joints between the roots of the teeth and their sockets (or alv...

Survival of the fittest

...ttest survive and spread their trait s through a population . sutures : the immovable joints where bones come together within the skull. Full article >>> The phrase " survival of the fittest " is often used synonymously with natural selection . The phrase is both incomplete and misleading. F...

Suppression

...#62; Natural control: The suppression of pest population s by naturally occurring biological and environme...anguages and dialects; by 1910, 90% of the French population understood French, ... Full article >>> : Lethal mutation s in different genes on t...

Survival

...;> Differential survival of trait s in a population means that some character istics will become mor...ttest survive and spread their trait s through a population . sutures : the immovable joints where bones come together within the skull. Full article >...

Substrate

...ttest survive and spread their trait s through a population . Full article >>> substrate -- "Supporting surface" on which an organ ism grows. The substrate may simply provide structural support, or may provide water and nutrients. A substrate may be inorganic, such as rock or soil, or it...

Substitution

... can account for diversity between individuals or population s. Full article >>> Literal in regular expression s and in descriptions of formal grammars is a synonym of terminal symbol (which is used in the formal language "literally", rather than generates a chain of substitution s). Full art...

Structural change

...ge scale functional and structural change s of population s through time, ... Full article >>> Mutation -- process by which genes undergo a structural change . Myotonic dystrophy -- a combination of progressive weakening of the muscle s and muscle spasms or rigidity, with difficulty rel...

Strand

...ass effect. The common domination of a species population by individuals recruited in one reproductive season ... Full article >>> the lack of a nucleus ; the possession of a single double- strand ed DNA molucule the possession of a very small range of organelles ... Full article ...

Strain

...>>> Ecotype a genetic strain of a population that is adapted to the unique local environment al conditions (eco oikus = house) ... Full article >>> Another influential strain of Islamist thought came from the Wahhabi movement in Saudi Arabia. Full article >>> ...

Stipe

...airs at the base of leaves. stock The size of a population . Full article >>> stipe The fruiting body of a fungus . stipule one of a pair of leaflets found at the base of a leaf where it joins the stem . Full article >>> Fucus is a brown alga differentiated into a fl...

Starch

...nderstand T. Full article >>> Four population s were raised on a starch based medium, the othe...ur were raised on a maltose based medium. The fly population s in both treatments took several months to get established, implying that they were under strong s...

Sporophyte

...a plant Spring diatom increase. The major rapid population increase of diatoms, occurring in the spring in temperate-boreal latitudes ... Full article >>> sporophyte generation dependant on gametophyte generation for food; gametophyte is free-living and photosynthetic ... Full article ...

Species

...es reproductively isolated systems of breed ing population s having a similar morphology Source: Jenkins, J...;> A species is a reproductively isolated population that shares a common gene pool and a common niche . This definition defines a species reproduc...

Speciation

...lts from the geographic separation of two or more population s of species Source: Jenkins, John B. 1990. Hum...Sympatric speciation happens when members of a population develop some genetic difference that prevents them from reproducing with the parent type. Full art...

Sorus

... of actually or potentially interbreeding natural population s that ordinarily do not inter breed with other such groups even when there is opportunity to do so. Full article >>>...

Solution hybridization

...evels of a specific m RNA species in a complex population of RNA . Full article >>> Soluti...evels of a specific m RNA species in a complex population of RNA . Full article >>>...

Site

...2;>> reservoir. The site where a pest population or quantity of inoculum can survive in the absence of a host crop , and from which a new crop may be invaded. residue management. Management of rice straw and stubble after harvest. Full article >>> The exchange of DNA fragme...

Silent Mutation

... can account for diversity between individuals or population s. Full article >>> A mutation that produces a functioning protein is called a silent mutation . Exercise - Understanding DNA , m RNA , t RNA , and protein . Exercise 1. Full article >>> Different techniques, howe...

Similarity

...equence is a function of divergence time. If two population s had recently separated, few differences would have built up between them. Full article >>> Related Terms: Similarity 1. In comparison of nucleic acid sequence s, the extent to which two nucleic acid sequence s have identical ...

Sexual reproduction

...allows scientists to obtain genetically identical population s; this does not occur naturally in vertebrates , except in twins. Full article >>> a sexual reproduction by methods such as grafting, cuttings, and fragmentation Source: Noland, George B. 1983. General Biology , 11th Edition. St....

Serum

...ers from polyclonal antibodies , which are mixed population s of antibody molecule s such as may be present in a serum specimen, within which many different individual antibodies have different binding specificities. Full article >>>...

Sequencing

...s are used to select a subset of the total m RNA population . Full article >>> The completion of the sequencing of the human genome , as well as the genome s of most agriculturally and scientifically important plant s and animals , have increased the possibilities of genetic research im...

Selection

... Selection occurs only when the individuals of a population are diverse in their character istics--or more s...d an organ ism's competitive capability when the population is at or near its carrying capacity . A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ... Ful...

Segregating

... a given genotypic class within a segregating population . Full article >>> Mendel 's secon...icle >>> Genetic load caused when a population is segregating less fit homozygote s because of heterozygote advantage. A B C D E F G H I J K ...

Seed

... Full article >>> Given an initial population either generated randomly or using the simple molecule ethane as a seed , the GA randomly adds, removes and alters atoms and molecular fragments with the aim of generating molecule s that fit the given constraints. Full article >>> ...

Screening

genetic screen ing Testing a population to identify individuals at risk for having a spec...ion -- a phenotypic variance of a trait in a population attributed to genetic heterogeneity. Full article >>> Filamentous bacteriophages a...

Scale

...e in the functional and genetic constituencies of population s of organ isms. Full article >>> The large- scale study of proteins , using biochemical or physical methods. Full article >>> In areas of shad- scale , about 10 percent of the ground is covered, but in some areas o...

RT-PCR

...s are used to select a subset of the total m RNA population . This allows comparison of m RNA s from different cells . Full article >>> Once RNA is isolated it can be reverse trans cribed back into DNA ( complementary DNA to be precise, known as c DNA ), at which point traditional PCR ...

RNA editing

... and alternative translation can all expand the population of proteins that come from one m RNA species . Full article >>> RNA that guides the insertion of uridines ( RNA editing ) into m RNA s in trypanosomes. Found in transcript s from minicircles and maxicircles of DNA in kine...

RNA polymerase

... particular gene that occur simultaneously in a population . Poly nucleotide . A DNA polymer composed of multiple nucleotide s. Full article >>> 41-47 5 Modulation of RNA polymerase core functions by basal transcription factor TFB/TFIIB Finn Werner, Simone Wiesler, Sven Nottebaum and Ro...

RFLP

...itance of chromosomes in families and in whole population s. Full article >>> restriction fr...s ( RFLP s) Variation s, among individuals in a population , in the length of certain restriction fragment s within which certain genomic sequence s occur. ...

Restriction enzyme

... s recognized by the probe is dimorphic in this population . Full article >>> Restriction enzyme s cut DNA wherever their "recognition site " (usually between 4 and 8 bases in length) occurs in the DNA sequence . When there are changes between sequence s, a recognition site may app...

Restriction site

...tion enzyme cleavage sites that exist within a population producing unique DNA fingerprint patterns. Full article >>> (1990, PNAS 87:8242) a new YAC vector , pCGS1000, has been constructed with an EcoR 1 cloning site flanked by unique restriction site s and polyp urine tag sites for...

Repulsion

...inkage or crossover suppression . In a closed population , only the trans- heterozygotes (l1 + / + l2) for the lethal mutation s survive. Full article >>> essential oils Highly volatile and aromatic oils formed in glands or special cells by some plant s; probably involved in pollinator ...

Repressor

...e factors that prevent one sexual ly propagating population from interbreeding and exchanging genes with another population . Full article >>> repressor protein - DNA regulatory protein that binds the ...

Reproduction

...allows scientists to obtain genetically identical population s; this does not occur naturally in vertebrates , except in twins. Full article >>> Asexual reproduction . Reproduction of the individual without the production of gametes and zygote s Assimilation efficiency. The fr action o...

Reduction

... >>> : A drastic reduction in the population size followed by an expansion. This often results...elsewhere. Full article >>> So, in population s that undergo a bottleneck (a severe reduction in numbers), the sample of alleles going to the ...

Reciprocal cross

...y do reciprocal cross es (i.e. cross a male from population A with a female from population B and a male from population B with a female from population A). Full article >>> ...

Recessive

... recessive gene s do not tend to be lost from a population no matter how small their representation. Full article >>> PKU is a recessive gene tic disease in which the person does not have the ability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. The level of phenylalanine in the persons bl...

Recessive gene

..., recessive gene s do not tend to be lost from a population no matter how small their representation. Full article >>> PKU is a recessive gene tic disease in which the person does not have the ability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. The level of phenylalanine in the persons bloo...

Random mating

...>>> Random mating within a single population Infinite population size (or sufficiently large so as to minimize the effect of genetic drift ) and experiences: No s...