groups

Variety

... Virus es cause a variety of diseases among all groups of living organ isms. Viral diseases include the ...ssociation with one of a variety of invertebrate groups (e.g., corals) ... Full article >>> MixedMesophyticForest a forest area with a varie...

Uric acid

... uric acid . Full article >>> amino groups and carbon dioxide; occurs in mitochondria l and cytoplasm ic compartments of the liver . ureotelic Organ isms which excrete excess nitrogen in the form of urea . uricotelic Organ isms which excrete excess nitrogen in the form of uric acid .....

Urea cycle

...rtebrates , for the synthesis of urea from amino groups and carbon dioxide; occurs in mitochondria l and cytoplasm ic compartments of the liver . ureotelic Organ isms which excrete excess nitrogen in the form of urea . Full article >>> Most of these defects cause significant disability...

Uracil

...ed with uracil (U). Codon s are non-overlapping groups of the three bases . There are 43 = 64 codon s. Full article >>> cytidine deaminases that convert a C in the RNA to uracil (U); adenosine deaminase s that convert an A to inosine (I), which the ribosome trans lates as a G. T...

Urea

...rtebrates , for the synthesis of urea from amino groups and carbon dioxide; occurs in mitochondria l and cytoplasm ic compartments of the liver . ureotelic Organ isms which excrete excess nitrogen in the form of urea . Full article >>> In 1828, Friedrich Whler published a paper about t...

Upstream

... is a type of frog and the distinction between two groups is that individuals living upstream are generally white, while those found in the lowlands are black, ... Full article >>> function without any promoter activity of its own. They are located 10 to 50 kb downstream or upstream o...

Unicellular

... Mosby ... Full article >>> A few groups of unicellular eukaryotes lack mitochondria : the symbiotic microsporidians, metamonads, and entamoebids, and the free-living pelobionts. Full article >>> In addition, only unicellular organ isms (or organ isms with totipotent...

Ubiquitin

...ached at their C-termini to the sidechain ammonium groups of lysines of other proteins . Full article >>> We have isolated and character ized 5 additional imprinted genes from the 1MB-genomic intervals surrounding human and mouse PEG3, including Zim1 (imprinted Zinc-finger gene 1), Zi...

Trematode

...here. Full article >>> They exposed groups of sticklebacks — differing in the number of their class II alleles — to three types of parasite (all at once). They used two species of parasitic nematode and one species of trematode ). Full article >>>...

Transmembrane proteins

...small water-soluble molecule that carries acetyl groups in cells . Full article >>> Some transmembrane proteins that span the bilayer several times form a hydrophilic channel through which certain ions and molecule s can enter (or leave) the cell . [Example] Peripheral Membrane Prot...

Transduction

...nzymes that catalyze the trans fer of functional groups between donor and acceptor molecule s. Full article >>>...

Thymine

...ed with uracil (U). Codon s are non-overlapping groups of the three bases . Full article >>> A common type of mutation caused by ultraviolet radiation occurs when two thymine s become bonded to each other, forming a kink in the DNA molecule . Full article >>> An orga...

Taxonomy

...cies and the class ification of organ isms into groups that reflect evolution ary relationships. See phy... Report, and Taxonomy Report. Organ ism Report groups all hits by organ ism. Full article >>> The dominant class ification system is ca...

Taxon

...cies and the class ification of organ isms into groups that reflect evolution ary relationships. See phy... Order : A taxon omic sub division that contains groups of related families or superfamilies; usually ending in -ptera in insects. Overwinter: A period of r...

Species

... . They are different in structure from other such groups and do not inter breed with them. Full article &... a given species . Genetic screen ing -- testing groups of individuals to identify defective genes capable of causing hereditary conditions. Full article...

Sorus

...hat ordinarily do not inter breed with other such groups even when there is opportunity to do so. Full article >>>...

Slime molds

...protista ns. They are not closely related to other groups of plant s or animals . Full article >>> slime molds (cellular): amoeba like cells that live independently and unite with other cellular slime molds to form a single, large, flat cell with many nuclei. slime molds (true): ...

Segment

...e Enzymes that catalyze the trans fer of methyl groups from one molecule to another. Full article >>> A ‘ contig ' may refer to a map showing placement of a set of clones that completely, contig uously cover some segment of DNA in which you are interested. Also called the
...

Seed

...uring the late Devonian. One of the more important groups of seed ferns was the lyginopterids, small vine-like plant s that probably grew on other plant s. Full article >>> seed texture (round vs wrinkled) seed color (green vs yellow) flower color (white vs purple) tall vs dwarf ...

Screening

...e >>> Genetic screen ing -- testing groups of individuals to identify defective genes capable of causing hereditary conditions. Genetic variation -- a phenotypic variance of a trait in a population attributed to genetic heterogeneity. Full article >>> Filamentous bac...

RNA

... ribosomal RNA sequence has been used in many groups of organ isms to reconstruct phylogeny . Full a...ilar, although they may place some early-branching groups very differently, presumably owing to rapid r RNA evolution . The exact relationships of the three...

Ribonucleic acid

...S ribosomal RNA sequence has been used in many groups of organ isms to reconstruct phylogeny . Full article >>> DNA - deoxy ribonucleic acid , the chemical molecule inside cells which carries biological information. Full article >>> See deoxy ribonucleic acid . Th...

Residue

...ull article >>> Attachment of methyl groups (-CH3) to DNA most commonly at cytosine resid... protein molecule s; covalent linking of two -SH groups of neighboring cysteine residue s in a folded polypeptide chain. These bonds are rarely, if ever ...

Replicon

...ed through the independent efforts of the research groups of Paul Lizardi (Yale University), Eric Kool (University of Rochester), Jeffrey Auerbach ( Replicon , Inc.) and David Zhang (Mount Sinai ... Full article >>> Replicon . A chromosomal region containing the DNA sequence s necessary to ...

Random mating

...atom covalently bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms. Full article >>> The Hardy-Weinberg principle (HWP) (also Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), or Hardy-Weinberg law) states that, under certain conditions, after one generation of random mating , ... Full article >>...

Pyrimidine

... article >>> pyrimidine One of the groups of nitrogenous base s that are part of a nucleot...idine s polyols — compound s with hydroxyl groups on a backbone of 3 to 6 carbons such as glycerol and glyceric acid. Sugars are polyols. the amino ...

Purine

...idine s polyols — compound s with hydroxyl groups on a backbone of 3 to 6 carbons such as glycerol a...Full article >>> purine One of the groups of nitrogenous base s that are part of a nucleotide . Purine s are adenine and guanine , and a...

Protozoa

... protozoa ns Animal -like protist s; the various groups of unicellular and eukaryotic organ isms that are mostly heterotrophic . protozoologist A person who studies protozoa . Full article >>> the protozoa ns that cause malaria the worms that cause schistosomiasis and filariasis the...

Protista

...ta means "the very first", and some of the 80-odd groups of organ isms that we class ify as protist s may well have had long , independent evolution ary histories stretching as far back as 2 billion years. Full article >>> In 1969 Whittaker proposed a "five kingdom " system in which th...

Prokaryote

...teria live in extreme conditions. The three major groups are halobacteria , sulpho bacteria and methanogens . Full article >>> Some prokaryote s are essential to the nitrogen cycle because of their role in nitrogen fixation, the conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonium ions. These i...

Probability

...at predict the churning probability of different groups of customers. Full article >>> Mendel 's findings allowed other scientists to simplify the emergence of trait s to mathematical probability . A large portion of Mendel 's spectacular findings can be traced to his choice to start hi...

Population

... the same species relatively isolated from other groups of the same species . See deme . Gamete ... Full article >>> Population s: Groups of similar individuals who tend to mate with each other in a limited geographic area. This can be as simple as a field of flower s, which is separa...

Polypeptide

... protein molecule s; covalent linking of two -SH groups of neighboring cysteine residue s in a folded polypeptide chain. These bonds are rarely, if ever found in the cytosol . Full article >>>...

Polyp

... protein molecule s; covalent linking of two -SH groups of neighboring cysteine residue s in a folded polyp eptide chain. These bonds are rarely, if ever found in the cytosol . Full article >>>...

Poikilothermic

...rticle >>> Hunter suggested that two groups should be known as " animals of permanent heat at all atmospheres" and " animals of a heat variable with every atmosphere," but later Bergmann suggested that they should be known as " homeothermic " and " poikilothermic " ... Full article >...

Placental mammals

...>>> placental mammals One of three groups of mammals that carry their young in the mother's body for long periods during which the fetus is nourished by the placenta . Human s are placental mammals . Full article >>> Placental mammals ; those whose young complete the...

Plant

...ent green algae over 400 million years ago. Both groups use chlorophyll a and b as photosynthetic pigme... addition, plant s and green algae are the only groups to store starch in their chloroplasts . Full article >>> A plant species in wh...

Placenta

...62;>> placenta l mammals One of three groups of mammals that carry their young in the mother's body for long periods during which the fetus is nourished by the placenta . Human s are placenta l mammals . Full article >>> placenta - embryo nic/maternal organ that se...

Phylon

... study of evolution ary relatedness among various groups of organ isms (e.g., species , population s). Full article >>> Cladistics (Greek: clados = branch) or phylogenetic systematics (Greek: phylon = race and genetic = birth) is a branch of biology that determines the evolution ar...

Phylum

phylum one of the main groups into which the animal and plant kingdom s are divided; plural, phyla Source: Noland, George B. 1983. General Biology , 11th Edition. St. Louis, MO. C. V. Mosby ... Full article >>> The phylum Mollusca contains over 100,000 s...

Phylogenetics

... study of evolution ary relatedness among various groups of organ isms (e.g., species , population s). Full article >>> Phylogenetics In Biology , Phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = race and genetic = birth) is the taxon omical class ification of organ isms based on how closely they...

Phyla

...uring the Cambrian. One of the dominant animal groups that appeared was the trilobites. Full article &#..... Full article >>> one of the main groups into which the animal and plant kingdom s are divided; plural, phyla Source: Noland, George B...

Phycology

...gae (singular is alga) comprise several different groups of living things that produce energy through photosynthesis . They are generally regarded as simple plant s, and some are related to the higher plant s. Full article >>> Lee, R. E. 1989. Phycology (2nd edition) Cambridge Universit...

Phosphate group

...ticle >>> A bond between a two sugar groups and a phosphate group ; such bonds form the sugar-phosphate-sugar backbone of DNA and RNA . Full article >>> ( Adenosine TriPhosphate ) A molecule consisting of adenosine ( adenine plus a ribose sugar) and three phosphate gro...

Paraphyletic

....g. Full article >>> paraphyletic groups Groups that do not include all descendants of a common ancestor. Full article >>> Reptiles are a paraphyletic group. The group can be made monophyletic by including the birds (Aves). Groups that do include all the descendants of th...

Oxygen

... Full article >>> Addition of methyl groups to selected ribose oxygen s (65 in 28S and 40 in ...dily formed between -OH (hydroxyl) and NH2 (amino) groups and oxygen or nitrogen atoms. They are important in proteins and are the mechanism for base -pa...

Order

... Order : A taxon omic sub division that contains groups of related families or superfamilies; usually ending in -ptera in insects. Overwinter: A period of rest or hibernation by which insects survive the winter. Full article >>> order Taxon omic rank consisting of a group of related fami...

Nitrogenous base

...ring land plant s; the ?rst seed plant s; living groups include the pines, ginkgos, and cycads. Naked seeds. Full article >>> A pair of complement ary nitrogenous base s in a DNA molecule -- adenine - thymine and guanine - cytosine . Also, the unit of measurement for DNA sequence s....

Nerves

...tal muscle s in mammals correspond with neuron groups along the primary motor area of the brain's cerebral cortex . Full article >>> nerves : bundles of axons bound together. neuroglia : the glial cells together with the extracellular tissue . neuron : a nerve cell . Full article...

Muscle

...rticle >>> Two muscle s or muscle groups that flank a bone and move it in opposite directions. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ... Full article >>> muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities Source: Noland, George B. 1983. General Biology...

Multiple alleles

...o alleles for any gene ), such as the ABO blood groups in human s, which are an example of multiple alleles . Full article >>> multiple alleles : a condition in which more than two alleles exist for a character istic; one example is A, B, AB, and O blood types. muscle contraction : ...

Mosaicism

...er of individuals with the less common karyotype groups that has been studied is too small. Other studies also suggest the presence of hidden mosaicism s ... Full article >>>...

Monophyletic

....). Full article >>> monophyletic groups Groups that contain an ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. monophyletic origin A group of organ isms that evolved from a single ancestral type. Full article >>> A monophyletic group is a clade , comprising an anc...

Monocot

...er plant s. Trait s are not mixed and matched in groups of organ isms. Full article >>> ( Magnoliopsida such as magnolia, dandelion, roses, violet) and Monocot s ( Liliopsida such as lilly , iris, orchid, grasses). Their ovules are enclosed in the carpel and pollen travels through th...

Molecule

...#62;> Hydrophobic; describing molecule s or groups that are poorly soluble in water. These molecule ...hosphorylation Addition of a phosphate group or groups to a molecule . Full article >>> Molecule Type Limit searches to retrieve only ge...

Mitochondrial DNA

...; Mitochondrial DNA studies find four distinct groups descended from peoples of Siberia. Amerind mtDNA suggests two waves of migration (one perhaps as old as 21-42 thousand years ago). Full article >>> The mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes is organ ized in a series of concatenated ...

Microbial mats

Microbial mats (biofilms). Layered groups or communities of microbial population s. Microin...le >>> AKA: Microbial mats Layered groups or communities of microbial population s. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ... ...

Microbe

...icroorganism. Microbial mats (biofilms). Layered groups or communities of microbial population s. Microinjection. A means to introduce a solution of DNA , protein , or other soluble material into a cell using a fine micro capillary pipet. Full article >>> These microbe s support a la...

Methylation

...62;>> Methylation Attachment of methyl groups (-CH3) to DNA most commonly at cytosine resid...> DNA methylation The addition of methyl groups (-CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long -term control of gene expres...

Messenger RNA

...e Enzymes that catalyze the trans fer of methyl groups from one molecule to another. Full article >>> Messenger RNA (m RNA ): A single- strand ed molecule of ribonucleic acid that directs protein production. Mitosis : The production of c ells that are genetically identical to th...