glucose

Transcription

...bacteria l cell to use some other nutrient when glucose is lacking. Full article >>> Transcription terminator A short base sequence found at the 3' end of a gene which causes the RNA polymerase to stop transcription . Transfection A general term to describe the introduction of...

Transcript

...bacteria l cell to use some other nutrient when glucose is lacking. Full article >>> Transcript ion terminator A short base sequence found at the 3' end of a gene which causes the RNA polymerase to stop transcript ion . Transfection A general term to describe the introductio...

Synapse

...n impairment of membrane ion-motive ATP ases and glucose and glutamate trans porters. Full article >>> The surface of the cell on the opposite side of the synapse from the synaptic terminal of the stimulating neuron that contains receptor proteins and degradative enzymes for th...

Storage material

...A polysaccharide composed of a thousand or more glucose molecule s; the chief food storage material of most plant s. Full article >>>...

Stapes

...A polysaccharide composed of a thousand or more glucose molecule s; the chief food storage material of most plant s. Full article >>> stapes The innermost of the three ear ossicles, which contacts the oval window of the ear. It is stirrup-shaped. Full article >>> mut...

Starch

...can break the glycosidic bonds between the 'alpha- glucose ' components of the starch polysaccharide . Fu... in water and thus can serve as storage depots of glucose . Plant s convert excess glucose into starch for storage. The image shows starch grains (ligh...

Stamen

...her . More info? starch -- a complex polymer of glucose , used by plant s and green algae to store surplus sugar for later use. Full article >>> stamen [L. a thread] The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower , consisting of an anther and filament. Full article >...

S phase

...H , utilising the energy from the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate into ribose 5-phosphate. Full article >>> During S phase of cell cycle , the increase in upstream binding factor (UBF) association may be due to the increase in its ability to compete with the histones for binding to ...

Ribonucleic acid

...in , a hormone essential for the trans port of glucose to cells . Dideoxy nucleotide (didN). Full article >>> deoxy ribonucleic acid ( DNA ) A poly nucleotide having a defined sequence of deoxyribonucleotide units covalently bonded via 3',5'- phosphodiester bond s. Functions in ...

Respiration

...chemical bonds of energy-rich molecule s such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life process... Full article >>> In respiration , glucose is oxidized (releasing energy) and oxygen is reduced to form water. The carbon atoms of the sugar...

Repressor

...metabolism of lactose in bacteria as long as glucose is available. Full article >>> The Tryptophan Repressor In E. coli, the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan from precursors available to the cell requires 5 enzymes . Full article >>> Dr. Richard M organ , of ...

Repression

...ugar-metabolizing operon s (eg lac) in favour of glucose utilization when glucose is the pre dominant carbon source in the environment of the cell . A B C D E F G H I J K L M N ...

Pyruvic acid

...-carbon compound resulting from glycolysis of glucose which enters the Krebs cycle in aerobic resp...id An important 3-carbon molecule formed from glucose and glycerol in glycolysis . Covered in Lab 4 Cellular Energetics: Fermentation and Respiration...

Protons

...haride units. Sucrose for example, is composed of glucose and fructose . Full article >>> Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase: participates in the electron trans fer chain by reducing cytochrome c and pumping protons across the membrane Cytochrome c oxidase: endpoint of the electron ...

Potential energy

...nergy needs from the potential energy stored in glucose and manufactures all of its organ ic molecule s using the carbon atoms in glucose . NH4Cl and MgSO4 supply the nitrogen and sulfur atoms needed to synthesize proteins . Full artic...

Polysaccharides

...saccharide is starch , which is made up of many glucose s (in a polypeptide these are referred to as glucans). Full article >>> polysaccharides : complex carbohydrates formed by linking multiple monosaccharides . pons : the portion of the hindbrain below the medulla and the midb...

Polysaccharide

...saccharide is starch , which is made up of many glucose s (in a polypeptide these are referred to as glu...tarch - polysaccharide composed exclusively of glucose units, used as an energy store in plant cells . steroids - hydrophobic molecule related to cho...

Plasma

...ineral salts. It serves as trans port medium for glucose , lipids , hormones , products of metabolism , carbon dioxide and oxygen . Full article >>> The inner leaflet of a typical mammalian plasma membrane contains 20-30% univalent PS (phosphatidylserine) and ~1% multivalent PtdIns(4...

Plant

...ecule s of carbon dioxide together to form sugar ( glucose ). The energy is stored in glucose . This process is called photosynthesis . Full article >>> Plant Genome Research...

Photophosphorylation

...orylation , which occurs when plant s synthesize glucose during photosynthesis , also uses ATP synthase and a proton gradient to generate ATP . Full article >>> Photophosphorylation is the process of converting energy from a light-excited electron into the pyrophosphate bond of an ADP...

Photosynthesis

...lecule s using the energy of light. For the sugar glucose (one of the most abundant products of photosynth...light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organ ic compound s; occurs in plant s, algae , and certain prokaryotes . Full artic...

Phosphodiester Bond

...cogen - polysaccharide composed exclusively of glucose units used to store energy in animal cells ... Full article >>> phosphodiesterase - enzyme that cleaves a phosphodiester bond , for example, that which cleaves cAMP into AMP. phosphorylate - to add phosphate; e.g., to a protei...

Phosphate group

...he phosphate group must then be removed so that glucose can leave the cell . The liver and skeletal m...galactosidase): breaks lactose into galactose and glucose Ligase s: all those enzymes that can join ("ligate") two molecule s with a covalent bond ... ...

Pancreas

...s insulin and glucagon , which regulate blood glucose levels. Full article >>> pancreas...e pancreas produce the hormone insulin when glucose levels in the blood become elevated. The hormone travels within the blood to other parts of the b...

Oxygen

...en ) of carbohydrates , in which a molecule of glucose is converted by a series of steps to two molecule s of lactic acid, yielding energy in the form of ATP . Full article >>> Addition of methyl groups to selected ribose oxygen s (65 in 28S and 40 in 18S segment s) and methylation ...

Oxidation

... pathway A pathway involved in the oxidation of glucose and is a source of reducing equivalents ( NADPH ) and pentoses for biosynthetic processes; present in most organ isms. Full article >>> Upon oxidation , ammonia applied to croplands is mobilized and can leach into ground and surface...

Organ

... pathway A pathway involved in the oxidation of glucose and is a source of reducing equivalents ( NADPH ) and pentoses for biosynthetic processes; present in most organ isms. Full article >>> Sometimes used to refer to only the assemblage of population s of a particular class of organ...

Operon

...nthesize every organ ic molecule it needs from glucose and a number of inorganic ions. Full article >>> Operon s have not been found in eukaryotes The lac operon Lactose is a sugar found in milk. If lactose is present, E. coli (the common intestinal bacterium) needs to produce the ne...

Nucleic acid

...in , a hormone essential for the trans port of glucose to cells . Full article >>> ( deoxyribo nucleic acid ): The large double- strand ed molecule carrying the genetic code . It consists of four bases ( adenine , guanine , cytosine and thymine ), phosphate and ribose. DNA bi...

Nuclease

...in , a hormone essential for the trans port of glucose to cells . Dideoxy nucleotide (didN). Full article >>> The name is derived from the fact that these sequence s are cleaved by the restriction endo nuclease Alu. Amino acid sequence -- the linear order of the amino acids...

Norepinephrine

...renal gland, that increases the concentration of glucose in the blood, raises blood pressure and heart beat rate, and increases muscular power and resistance to fatigue; also one of the principal neurotransmitter s; also called norepinephrine . Full article >>> Cocaine and amphetamines a...

NADPH

... pathway A pathway involved in the oxidation of glucose and is a source of reducing equivalents ( NADPH ) and pentoses for biosynthetic processes; present in most organ isms. Full article >>> eNOS is present in membrane caveolae and the cytosol and requires tetrahydrobiopterin, NADPH ,...

Monosaccharides

...O)n, where n is an integer from 3 through 7. i.e. glucose (C6H12O6), n=6. The addition of more than one mon...ally with a five- or six-carbon skeleton ; e.g., glucose and fructose . A carbohydrate composed of a single sugar unit, such as glucose , ribose, deoxy...

Molecule

... three bonds discussed above. For example: water, glucose , ATP . Full article >>> A macro molecule is a molecule composed of a very large number of atoms. But generally the use of term is restricted to molecule s of more than 100 atoms, and in particular to polymers. Many examples come ...

Lysis

... Glyco lysis is the anaerobic catabolism of glucose . It occurs in virtually all cells . In eukaryo...#62;> Glyco lysis During glyco lysis , glucose (C6) is broken down to two molecule s of pyruvate (C3). (* Compound s that end in "___ate" can be ...

Liver

...roducts of human digestion and removes excess glucose from the bloodstream, converting it to a polymer ...ween meals, the liver breaks down glycogen to glucose in order to keep the blood glucose concentration stable. Full article >>> low sh...

Lac repressor

...metabolism of lactose in bacteria as long as glucose is available. Full article >>> The lac repressor binds to a specific sequence of two dozen nucleotide s called the operator . [Link to a discussion of how the DNA sequence of the operator site can be determined.] Most of t...

Krebs cycle

...t steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecule s to carbon dioxide; occurs within the ...in the mitochondria ; completes the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide. See citric acid cycle . Full article >>> Krebs cycle : the su...

Kinase

...le >>> Hexo kinase is inhibited by glucose -6-phosphate (G6P), the product it forms through the ATP driven phosphorylation . This is necessary to prevent an accumulation of G6P in the cell when flux through the glycolytic pathway is low. Full article >>> Kinase An enzy...

Islets of Langerhans

...angerhans are sensitive to variation s in blood glucose levels through the following mechanism (see figur...angerhans . Full article >>> blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of ...

Insulin

...d by the pancreas that stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells . Insulin works antagonistically...insulin A vertebrate hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of ...

Hormones

...e pancreas produce the hormone insulin when glucose levels in the blood become elevated. The hormone travels within the blood to other parts of the body. Full article >>> Hormones that stimulate the activities of the testes and ovaries; a collective term for follicle-stimulating ...

Hormone

...e pancreas produce the hormone insulin when glucose levels in the blood become elevated. The hormone...in , a hormone essential for the trans port of glucose to cells . Dideoxy nucleotide (didN). Full article >>> cAMP A second messenger w...

Heterotroph

...at requires complex nutrient molecule s, such as glucose , as an energy source. heterotropic enzyme An allosteric enzyme requiring a molecule other than its substrate as a modulator. Full article >>> The thermophilic bacterium, Thermotoga maritima, is a heterotroph ic organ ism c...

Glycosylation

...zymes . The low rate of glycosylation is due to glucose 's preference for the less reactive cyclic isomer. Nevertheless, many of the long -term complications of diabetes (e.g. Full article >>> The threonine side chain can undergo O-linked glycosylation . This article is licensed under the...

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the anaerobic catabolism of glucose . It occurs in virtually all cells . In eukaryo...ll organ isms, and is responsible for converting glucose to pyruvate and generating ATP in the process. Glycolysis does not require oxygen to function...

Glycogen

...62;>> Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals . It is a branched polymer of glucose . Glycogen can be broken down to form substrate s for respiration , through the process of glyc...

Glucagon

...es the breakdown of glycogen and the release of glucose , thereby increasing blood levels of glucose . Glucagon and insulin work together to maintain blood sugar levels. Full article >>...

Glucose

...d test done to determine the non-fasting plasma glucose concentration. Levels of > 200 mg/dl plus cl...in biology . We can speculate on the reasons why glucose , and not another monosaccharide such as fructose , is so widely used. Full article >>>...

Glottis

...s that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver . Full article >>> glottis Opening of the larynx (windpipe). Covered in Lab 16 Rat Respiratory and Circulatory System s ... Full article >>> epi glottis A þap of tissue that closes off the...

Gene

...bacteria l cell to use some other nutrient when glucose is lacking. Full article >>> Allele : one of two or more different chemical codes possible for a given gene . Offer variation in a given trait . Full article >>> Allele One of the alternative forms of a gene . ...

Fructose

...ructose simply diffuses into the villi, but both glucose and galactose are absorbed by active transport .... (monosaccharide) that is a structural isomer of glucose and considered to be an atypical ketose. Full article >>> Glucose , fructose and ...

Frond

... (monosaccharide) that is a structural isomer of glucose and considered to be an atypical ketose. Full article >>> Ferns have frond s. Conifer leaves are typically needle-, awl-, or scale -shaped Angiosperm ( flower ing plant ) leaves: the standard form includes stipule s, petiole ...

Fermentation

...bolic breakdown of a nutrient molecule , such as glucose , without net oxidation . Full article >>...Yeast, when under anaerobic conditions, convert glucose to pyruvic acid via the glycolysis pathways, then go one step farther, converting pyruvic acid...

Feeding pattern

...bic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available; occurs in yeast cells . Full article >>> Circadian rhythms are important in determining the sleeping and feeding pattern s of all animals , including human s. Full article >>> ...

Feedback inhibition

...obic breakdown of a nutrient molecule , such as glucose , without net oxidation . Full article >>> Figure 3: Common feedback inhibition mechanisms, (1) The basic feedback inhibition mechanism, where the product (P) inhibits the committed step (A->B). (2) Sequential feedback inhibi...

Fatty acids

...nthesis - insulin forces fat cells to take in glucose which is converted to fatty acids ; lack of insulin causes the reverse ... Full article >>> 1995: Cardiac Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography with Iodine-123-Labeled Fatty Acids - Evaluation of Myocardial Viability wit...

Family

...mula (CH20)x, ranging from simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose , to complex molecule s, such as starch and cellulose . Covered in Lab 4 Cellular Energetics: Fermentation and Cellular Respiration ... Full article >>> A family of small proteins that stimulate viral resista...

Excretion

...ed by sugar excretion in urine and high blood glucose levels caused by an insufficiency of insulin Source: Noland, George B. 1983. General Biology , 11th Edition. St. Louis, MO. C. V. Mosby What Topic Is Your BIOLOGY Paper On? Full article >>> It is thought to affect blood cholester...

Ethanol

...ol fermentation The anaerobic conversion of glucose to ethanol via anaerobic glycolysis . See al...Yeast, when under anaerobic conditions, convert glucose to pyruvic acid via the glycolysis pathways, then go one step farther, converting pyruvic acid...