chemical

VNTR

...l article >>> [Discussion] [types of chemical bonds between atoms] Valine Variable number of tandem repeats ( VNTR s) Variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of trypanosomes Variation , continuous Variola virus Variolation VascularContaining vessels that conduct liquid. Full article >...

Virus

...y of themselves into the genome of a host . The chemical that make this possible ( reverse transcriptase ) is widely used in genetic engineering . Full article >>> phage - virus that infects bacteria ; altered phage can be used as cloning vector s. (short for bacteriophage - " bac...

Urinary bladder

...onverted into cancer cells through exposure to chemical carcinogens; first mouse cells and then human cells . The human cells came from a human bladder carcinoma from cigarette smokers whose urinary bladder is ... Full article >>> LCT occurs beneath epithelium in skin and man...

Turnover

...>> metabolism : the rapid turnover of chemical materials; involves the release or use of chemical energy. metaphase : the stage during mitosis in which the pairs of chromatid s line up on the eq...

Turbellarian

...r gland A gland in turbellarian s that secretes a chemical that dissolves the attachment of the organ ism from a substrate . releaser Simple stimulus that elicits an innate behavior pattern. Full article >>> embryo produced by spiral cleavage , character ized by the absence of a blastoc...

Transition

...es each year. Full article >>> In a chemical re action , an unstable and high-energy configurat...ucture that forms trans iently in the course of a chemical re action and has the highest free energy of any re action intermediate; a rate-limiting step in t...

Transcriptase

...y of themselves into the genome of a host . The chemical that make this possible ( reverse transcriptase ) is widely used in genetic engineering . Full article >>> complementary DNA (c DNA ) DNA prepared by trans cribing the base sequence from m RNA into DNA by reverse transcr...

Trans

...ucture that forms trans iently in the course of a chemical re action and has the highest free energy of any re action intermediate; a rate-limiting step in the re action . Full article >>> Trans formed (Bt- trans formed): Trans fer and expression of a gene (e.g., for Bt toxin) into ano...

Thylakoid

...the chloroplast , used to convert light energy to chemical energy. Full article >>> thylakoid s : membranes that make up the grana in chloroplasts ; the actual site of photosynthesis within chloroplasts . thymosins: hormones secreted by the thymus gland that influence the devel...

Synapse

...article >>> Synapse s can be either chemical or electrical. An electrical synapse is what is ...scle or gland cell ), at which electrical and/or chemical signals are passed from one cell to another. Full article >>> synapse The place a...

Substrate

...od. Full article >>> Substrate A chemical recognized by an enzyme . Substution mutation A...cally an enzyme is optimized to perform a simple chemical operation on another chemical (the substrate ). However it can also perform operations with much le...

Substitution

...laced by a series of organ ic solvents, including chemical fixative. Full article >>> base -pair substitution A point mutation ; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner from the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotide s. base -pairing principle ... Full ar...

Suberin

...ticle >>> suberin Waxy, waterproof chemical in some plant cells , notably cork (in stems) and endodermis cells (in roots ). Full article >>> suberin . A waxy substance, resistant to microbial attack, formed in the corky cells of periderm layers. suberization. The ...

Species

...62;> electron carrier A protein or other chemical species , such as a cytochrome or coenzyme Q, that can reversibly gain and lose electrons. Full article >>> Transformation Usually refers to passive uptake of DNA by cells , although in nature some bacteria l species have a ...

Small intestine

...>>> small intestine : the site of chemical digestion ; includes the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum . smooth endoplasmic reticulum : ER with no ribosomes attached. Full article >>> small intestine (Schistosoma japonicum), or urinary bladder (Schistosoma haematobium)....

Site

...site where cata lysis occurs. The structure and chemical properties of the active site allow the recogn... that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds. active transport ... Full article >>> sink A site of collection of metabol...

Serum

...spective formulas A method for representing cyclic chemical structures (sugars) in order to define the configuration around ... Full article >>> Individuals with type A blood have red blood cells with antigen A on their surface and produce antibodies against antigen B in their blood ...

Seminal vesicles

...ose ) and perhaps in other ways provide an optimum chemical environment for the sperm . Full article >>> semen The thick, whitish secretion of the reproductive organ s in the male; composed of sperm and secretions from the prostate, seminal vesicles , and various other glands and ducts...

Secondary oocyte

... of the secondary oocyte , triggering a series of chemical changes in the outer oocyte membrane that prevent any other sperm from entering the oocyte. Full article >>> Completion of meiosis II converts the secondary oocyte into a fertilized egg or zygote (and also a second polar bod...

Secondary metabolite

Secondary metabolite s are those chemical compound s in organ isms that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of organ isms. Full article >>> Secondary metabolite s, also known as natural products, are those products (chemical compo...

Secondary phloem

... form after entering the air or that are formed by chemical reactions as components of the air mix and interact. Full article >>> secondary phloem Tissue produced by vascular cambium and composed of both sieve tubes and companion cells . Covered in Lab 9 Seed Plant Sporophyte ... ...

Scale

...ll article >>> And that micro scale chemical variation allows for the coexistence of diverse species , so biofilms can be incredibly diverse communities. In a very small space we can find bacteria that are completely different metabolically. Full article >>> Geological time ...

RNA

...y two distinct mechanisms: Substitution Editing: chemical alteration of individual nucleotide s (the equiva...vel. Related ... Full article >>> A chemical similar to a single strand of DNA . In RNA , the letter U, which stands for uracil , is substit...

Ribozyme

...an active site and increase the rate of specific chemical reactions. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions ... Full article >>> Ribozyme Inactivation of Target Gene Expression Another method of determining gene function is to begin with an interesting cellular function and work back to ...

Ribosomes

...s function as enzymes , catalysts that speed the chemical reactions in cells . Full article >>> Ribosomes - extremely small grain-like organelle that provides the sites for protein synthesis (they may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum ) ... Full arti...

Ribosome

...s function as enzymes , catalysts that speed the chemical reactions in cells . Full article >>> The vector may also carry a ribosome binding sequence (for bacteria l expression ) and a start codon , depending on the nature of the insert ed DNA . Some expression vector s produce ...

Ribonucleic acid

...le >>> Ribonucleic acid ( RNA ): A chemical cousin of DNA , RNA ( ribonucleic acid ) is res...le >>> Ribonucleic acid ( RNA ): A chemical found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells ; it plays an important role in protein synthesis...

Ribonuclease

...ase : see " RNAse ". Ribonucleic acid ( RNA ): A chemical found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells ;...an important role in protein synthesis and other chemical activities of the cell . The structure of RNA is similar to that of DNA . Full article >...

Reverse transcriptase

...y of themselves into the genome of a host . The chemical that make this possible ( reverse transcriptase ) is widely used in genetic engineering . Full article >>> complementary DNA (c DNA ) DNA prepared by trans cribing the base sequence from m RNA into DNA by reverse transcript...

Retrovirus

...y of themselves into the genome of a host . The chemical that make this possible ( reverse transcriptase ) is widely used in genetic engineering . Full article >>> Retrovirus : Singel strand ed RNA virus which is replicated and express ed via a double stranded DNA intermediate. Fu...

Restriction fragment

...ecutive sites. Full article >>> The chemical bonds that the enzymes cleave can be reformed by other enzymes known as ligase s, so that restriction fragment s carved from different chromosomes or genes can be spliced together, provided their ends are complement ary (more below). Full a...

Respiration

... Cellular respiration , the process in which the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecule s such as glucose ...o- ... Full article >>> A series of chemical reactions involved in aerobic respiration that occurs naturally in animals . A B C D E F G H I ...

Residue

...tively stable, high energy molecule used to fuel chemical reactions within cells . Full article >>> Attachment of methyl groups (-CH3) to DNA most commonly at cytosine residue s. May be involved in regulation of gene expression . Also may prevent some restriction endonuclease s from...

Repression

... of a gene or a group of genes in response to a chemical or other stimulus. Full article >>> REPRESSION - Inhibition of transcription (or translation ) by the binding of a repressor protein to a specific site on DNA (or m RNA ). Full article >>> Repression : A fo...

Reduction

...en atom . The gain of electrons or hydrogens in a chemical re action . reduction al division The ?rst division in meiosis ; results in each daughter cell receiving one member of each pair of chromosomes . Full article >>> Reduction of the hh dosage (hhts2) enhanced the partial fusio...

Redox reaction

Redox reaction s are chemical reactions in which electrons are trans ferred fro...le >>> redox reaction (ree-doks) A chemical re action involving the trans fer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also call...

Receptor

...nding of a molecule and a receptor initiates a chemical change within the cell . Full article >>> Receptor s are parts of the nervous system that sense changes in the internal or external environment s. Full article >>> receptor -mediated endocytosis The type of en...

Pyruvic acid

... ATP , is used by cells as a versatile source of chemical energy. The sequence of reactions from glucose to pyruvic acid that is common to both aerobic and anaerobic carbohydrate catabolism . Full article >>>...

Proto-oncogene

... may contain the code for growth factors or some chemical that needs to be activated in order to stimulate cell division . Full article >>> proto-oncogene (pro-toh-onk-oh-jeen) A normal cellular gene corresponding to an oncogene ; a gene with a potential to cause cancer , but that ...

Protons

...s, the endosome. Full article >>> A chemical unit, composed of protons , neutrons, and electrons, that cannot further break down by chemical means. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ... Full article >>> neutr...

Proteinoids

... s; have enzyme -like properties and can catalyze chemical reactions. Full article >>> Early cell membrane s could have formed spontaneously from proteinoids , protein -like molecule s that are produced when amino acid solutions are heated. Full article >>>...

Proteins

...cally an enzyme is optimized to perform a simple chemical operation on another chemical (the substrate ). Full article >>> Enzymes proteins that act as catalysts (cause...

Protein

...ther chemicals to react without being part of that chemical re action ) (en = in; zym = yeast leaven) ... Full article >>> : DNA with protein bound is resistant to digestion by DNA ase . When a sequencing re action is performed using such DNA , a protected area representing the foo...

Producers

... cellular respiration ; represents the storage of chemical energy in an ecosystem available to consumers . net productivity ... Full article >>> The Bordeaux region is home to many of the most prestigious wine producers in the world. Both red and white wines are made in Bordeaux. Red Bord...

Probe

...ull article >>> Sets of miniaturized chemical re action areas that may also be used to test DNA fragments, antibodies , or proteins , by using a chip having immobilised target and hybrid ising them with probe d sample. Full article >>> Probe lesodon has developed a double ...

Platelets

...s that has within the roughly 6 feet of a special chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid , or DNA . Full article >>> thrombocytopaenia ( Full article >>> serotonin - increase vascular permeability and smooth muscle contr action . Origin ates from platelets ... Full articl...

Plasma membrane

...selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell 's chemical composition. Full article >>> plasma membrane - encloses the cell , defines its boundaries, and maintains the essential differences between the cytosol and the extracellular environment ... Full article >>> plasm...

Plasma

...selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell 's chemical composition. Full article >>> Plasma is the liquid component of the blood. Mammalian blood consists of a liquid ( plasma ) and a number of cellular and cell fragment components. Plasma is about 60 % of a volume of blood; cells ...

Plant

...agricultural pests, the control of which relies on chemical nematicides and fumigants that are among the most ...e can successfully occupy an ecosystem with such chemical properties. Source: Submitted by Brock Smith What Topic Is Your BIOLOGY Paper On? ENTER YOUR TOPIC...

Pigment

...Pigment s are colorful compound s. Pigment s are chemical compound s which reflect only certain wavelengths of visible light. This makes them appear "colorful". Flower s, corals, and even animal skin contain pigment s which give them their colors. Full article >>> Plant pigment other...

Photorespiration

...cteria capture light energy and use it to produce chemical bonds. Full article >>> The product of that re action forms glycolic acid, a chemical that can be broken down by photorespiration , producing neither NADH nor ATP , in effect dismantli...

Photosynthesis

... some protist s convert the energy of sunlight to chemical energy. Full article >>> Photosynt...nai, to place] The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organ ic compound s; occurs in plant s, algae , and ...

Photolysis

...light absorbed by the chlorophyll is turned into chemical energy which is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen . Full article >>> Water photolysis The NADPH is the main reducing agent in chloroplasts , providing a source of energetic electrons to other reactions. Full article...

Photoautotroph

...is genus are photoautotroph s that can generate chemical energy through an electron transport chain in th... to manufacture food, or chemo autotrophic , using chemical energy. Full article >>>...

Phosphorylation

...ll article >>> phosphorylation The chemical attachment of phosphorous to a molecule , usually associated with the storage of energy in the covalent bond that is also formed. Full article >>> Phosphorylation can also regulate the expression of the reception at the synapse ,...

Phospholipid

...gnals by stimulating the release of any of several chemical messengers. (See Phospholipid .) Insertion mutations . Full article >>> phospholipid A lipid containing one or more phosphate group s. phosphoro lysis Cleavage of a compound with phosphate as the attacking group: analogous ...

Phosphate group

...Full article >>> phosphate group A chemical group composed of a central phosphorous bonded to ...icle >>> And so the addition of this chemical group, this phosphate group , to the protein actually makes a negative charge, and that can affec...

Phloem

... stalk s. Unlike other bast crops, ramie requires chemical processing to de-gum the fiber. Full article >>> Then the virus moves up the plant , through the equivalent of the plant bloodstream, the phloem . Full article >>>...

Phenotype

.... -philia affection for phosphodiester linkage A chemical grouping that contains two alcohols esterified to one molecule of phosphoric acid, which thus serves as a bridge between them. Full article >>> The mutant phenotype can therefore be easily detected. Back translation Use of the ex...

Peptides

...e >>> The proposed strategy includes chemical crosslinking of interacting protein pairs, enzym...ction pathway A mechanism linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a cellular response. Full article >>> Protease An enzyme that degrades ...