Nutrition
... producing either an excess or deficiency which in
turn affects body functioning in a cumulative manner. ... in fatty deposits in the abdomen which in
turn affect the efficiency of the liver , heart , ... lead to imbalances in insulin production. This in
turn can lead to fatigue, chronic tiredness, diabetes, ...
Cladistics
... of organisms makes it otherwise difficult. When equivalent possibilities
turn up, one is usually chosen based on the principle of parsimony : the most ... groups advance from "lowly" grades to "advanced" grades, which can in
turn lead to the error of teleology .
Going further, some cladists argue ...
DNA
... length of sequence in which the double helix makes one complete
turn about its axis. This frequency of twist (known as the helical pitch ) ... for regulatory purposes may adopt the Z geometry, in which the strands
turn about the helical axis like a mirror image of the B form.
Table of ...
Enzyme
... energy than the syntehsis of ATP requires; then the ATP is broken down in
turn by other enzymes coupled to other processes, releasing the energy stored ... all pathways from C are blocked. This leads to a buildup of C, which in
turn inhibits the first common committed step A->B. (3) Enzyme multiplicity. ...
Genetic drift
... genetics , drift is a "sampling effect". To illustrate: on average, coins
turn up heads or tails equally. Yet just a few tosses in a row are unlikely to ... can be very small in percentage terms. As an example, ten tosses
turn up 70% heads about once in every six tries, but the chance of a hundred ...
Genetics
... encode the information necessary for synthesizing proteins, which, in
turn play a large role in influencing, although, in many instances, do not ... store their genetic information in RNA ). Manipulation of DNA can in
turn alter the inheritance and features of various organisms.
Timeline of ...
Malaria
... to the liver where they multiply within hepatic liver cells. They then
turn into merozoites which then enter red blood cells . There they multiply ... giving rise to hemorrhagic complications of malaria.
Some merozoites
turn into male and female gametocytes . If a mosquito bites the infected ...
Stem cell
... to produce human egg cells. These egg cells could potentially be used in
turn to produce new stem cells. If research and testing proves that ... follicle cells which have shrunk during the aging process, which in
turn respond to these signals by regenerating and once again making healthy ...
Alcohol
... , alcohol is a more general term, applied to any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group ( - O H ) is bound to a carbon atom, which in
turn is bound to other hydrogen and/or carbon atoms. The general formula for a simple alcohol containing no rings is C n H 2n+1 OH .
Contents ...
Alpha helix
... peptide bonds .
The amino acids in an α helix are arranged in a helical structure, about 5 wide. Each amino acid results in a 100
turn in the helix, and corresponds to a translation of 1.5 along the helical axis. The helix is tightly packed; there is almost no free space within the ...
Amino acid
...
Overview
Amino acids are biochemical building blocks. They form short polymer chains called peptides or polypeptides which in
turn form structures called proteins .
Twenty amino acids are encoded by the standard genetic code and are called proteinogenic or standard amino ...
Antibiotic
... are virtually useless for treatment of frequently seen infections. This leads to more frequent use of newer and more expensive compounds, which in
turn leads inexorably to the rise of resistance to those drugs, and a never-ending ever-spiraling race to discover new and different antibiotics ensues, ...
Apoptosis
... creating a multi-protein complex known as apoptosome. The apoptosome cleaves this pro-caspase rendering the active form of caspase-9, which in
turn activates effector caspase-3. ( See also the articles on caspases and the Bcl-2 protein family ).
The whole process requires energy and a cell ...
Beta sheet
... side of the sheet are polar or charged (hydrophilic).
Some sequences involved in a β sheet, when traced along the backbone, take a hairpin
turn in orientation (direction), sometimes through one or more prolines .
See also : tertiary structure -- α helix -- collagen helix
...
Biology
... in the chemical structure of particular DNA molecules .
Genes encode the information necessary for synthesizing proteins, which, in
turn play a large role in influencing, although, in many instances, do not completely determine, the final phenotype of the organism.
Developmental ...
Carbon fixation
... is a process found in photosynthesis in autotrophic plants . It is when the three carbon dioxide molecules taken in each time there is a
turn in the Calvin cycle in the dark reactions of photosynthesis. These three carbon dioxide molecules undergo the chemical reactions in the Calvin ...
Genetic code
... gene . Each gene is transcribed into a short template molecule of the related polymer RNA , which is better suited for protein synthesis. This in
turn is translated , by mediation of a machinery consisting of ribosomes and a set of transfer RNAs and associated enzymes , into an amino acid ...
Collagen
... residues allows the otherwise sterically disallowed, tight coiling of each of the alpha chain subunits of tropocollagen, where there is a rise per
turn of just 0.3 nm as opposed to the .36 nm of a regular Alpha helical coil. Hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline play important roles in the stabilisation ...
Computed axial tomography
... CT machines. Their computer systems integrate the data of the moving individual slices to generate three dimensional volumetric information, in
turn viewable from multiple different perspectives on attached CT workstation monitors.
In conventional CT machines, an X-Ray tube is physically ...
Digestion
... This hormone is secreted in resonse to fat in chyme.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) - is in the duodenum and decreases the stomach churning in
turn slowing the emptying in the stomach.
Digestion in plants and fungi
Not only animals digest food. Some carnivorous plants capture other ...
Drug
...
Licensed distribution
In the United States , medical professionals may obtain drugs from drug companies or pharmacies (which in
turn purchase drugs from the drug companies). Pharmacies may also supply a drug directly to patients , authorized by a prescription from a medical ...
Ecological genetics
... understanding of molecular genetics however, allowed the development of improved biochemical techniques during the 1980s and 1990s which in
turn allowed data on natural populations to be derived.
See also
antibiotic resistance
peppered moth, Biston betularia ,
scarlet ...
Fermentation
... process. Doing the latter rest at the lower end of the range produces more low-order sugars which are more fermentable by the yeast . This in
turn creates a beer lower in body and higher in alcohol . While a rest closer to the higher end of the range creates more higher-order sugars, which are ...
Genetic code
... gene . Each gene is transcribed into a short template molecule of the related polymer RNA , which is better suited for protein synthesis. This in
turn is translated , by mediation of a machinery consisting of ribosomes and a set of transfer RNAs and associated enzymes , into an amino acid ...
Gregor Mendel
... that there was particulate inheritance of traits according to his laws of inheritance . However, Mendel's work was largely ignored until the
turn of the 20th century, when its significance was understood for the first time.
Contents showTocToggle("show","hide")
1 Life
2 ...
Homeostasis
... of water and a wide variety of ions .
Most of these organs are controlled by hormones secreted from the pituitary gland , which in
turn is directed by the hypothalamus .
See also
Acclimatization
Biological rhythm
Metabolism
Apoptosis
Aging
Balance ...
Homunculus
... was to have stood no more than 12 inches tall, and does the work usually associated with a golem . However, after a short time, the homunculus would
turn on its creator and run away. The recipe consisted of a bag of bones, sperm, skin fragments and hair from any animal you wanted it to be a hybrid of. ...
Lac repressor
... repressor becomes inactive to permit the conversion of lactose to glucose.
Human DNA encodes recipes for making various types of RNA which in
turn make various types of proteins. But human cells need a way to select the appropriate recipes for the current ambient conditions. For this humans ...
Leaf
... This mechanism to shed leaves is called abscission . After the leaf is shed, a leaf scar develops on the twig. In cold autumns they sometimes
turn yellow , bright orange or red as various accessory pigments ( carotenoids and anthocyanins ) are revealed when the tree responds to cold ...
Liver
... in the liver is collected in bile capillaries which merge to form bile ducts. These eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts, which in
turn merge to form the common hepatic duct. The cystic duct (from the gallbladder) joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. Bile ...
Long-term potentiation
...
1.3 Doogie mice
2 Related topics
3 Notes
4 References
History
Early theories of learning
By the
turn of the 19th century, neurobiologists had good reason to believe that memories were generally not the product of new nerve cell growth. Scientists ...
Marfan syndrome
... ) is a common problem, as is abnormal indentation ( pectus excavatum ) or protrusion ( pectus carinatum ) of the sternum . These symptoms may in
turn cause unusual pressure on the heart and lungs. Other symptons include; abnormal
joint flexibility, high palates , flat feet, stooped shoulders, and ...
Monoclonal antibody
...
If a foreign substance (an antigen ) is injected into a vertebrate such as a mouse or a human , some of the immune system 's B-cells will
turn into plasma cells and start to produce antibodies that bind to that antigen. Each B-cell produces only one kind of antibody, but different B-cells ...
Magnetic resonance imaging
... to reconstruct current densities within a subject. Current density imaging works because electrical currents generate magnetic fields, which in
turn affect the phase of the magnetic dipoles during an imaging sequence. To date no successful CDI has been performed using biological currents, however ...
Nucleosome
...
The histones make up the central core particle of the nucleosome. The DNA is wrapped around this protein complex in two turns, with each
turn consisting of about 80 base pairs . Together with the DNA linking two nucleosomes, there are about 200 bps of DNA per nucleosome.
Nucleosomes ...
Paraphyletic
... of taxonomy, the existence of paraphyletic groups in a classification are regarded as errors. Some groups in currently accepted taxonomies may later
turn out to be paraphyletic, in which case the classifications may be revised to eliminate them. Some, however, feel that having paraphyletic groups is ...
Phosphorylation
... pathways, a protein A phosphorylates B, and B phosphorylates C, but A also phosphorylates C directly, and B can phosphorylate D, which may in
turn phosphorylate A.
Types of phosphorylation
See also protein kinase for more details on the different types of phosphorylation
Within a ...
Plasmid
... Degrative plasmids , which enable the digestion of unusual substances, e.g., toluole or salicylic acid .
Virulence plasmids , which
turn the bacterium into a pathogen .
Plasmids can belong to more than one of these functional groups.
Plasmids that exist only as a single copy ...
Rudolf Steiner
... people to attend more to the spirit or 'drift' of his words than to the letter. Otherwise readers would fall into an excessive literalism and
turn his work into a doctrine, a result he wanted to avoid.
Those of Steiner's students alert to this distinction tend to affirm Steiner’s claim ...
Secondary structure
... 3 residues.
H = 4-turn helix ( alpha helix ). Min length 4 residues.
I = 5-turn helix (pi helix). Min length 5 residues.
T = hydrogen bonded
turn (3, 4 or 5 turn)
E = beta sheet in parallel and/or anti-parallel sheet conformation (extended strand). Min length 2 residues.
B = residue in ...