transmitted

Signal transduction

...und in immune cells . Juxtacrine signals are transmitted along cell membranes via protein or lipid components integral to the membrane and are capable of affecting either the emitting cell or cells immediately adjacent. Hormones Most of the molecules that enable signalling between the cells or tissues...

Semen

...wever, semen can be the vehicle for many sexually transmitted diseases , including HIV , the virus that causes AIDS . It is also hypothesized that components of semen, such as the spermatozoa as well as the seminal plasma, can cause immunosuppression in the body when introduced to the bloodstream or lymp...

Muscle

...contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves , the motor nerves and motoneurons in particular. All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . Muscles and muscular activity account for most of the body's ener...

Muller's ratchet

... genes may be lost when organism's genes are only transmitted vertically, without recombination caused by sex...a bacterial endosymbiont of insects, which is only transmitted to offspring from the mother. Another example is mitochondria and chloroplasts , which are also ...

Hepatitis B

...y infected by hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is largely transmitted through exposure to bodily fluids containing the virus. This includes unprotected sexual contact, blood transfusions , re-use of contaminated needles and syringes, vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth, and so on. The primar...

Gene therapy

...troversial prospect. For the introduced gene to be transmitted normally to offspring, it needs not only to inserted into the cell, but also to be incorporated into the chromosomes by genetic recombination . Somatic gene therapy can be broadly split in to two categories: ex vivo (where cells are modified ...

Eye

...ensitive retina , where the light is detected and transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve . The eye is typically roughly spherical, filled with a transparent gel-like substance called the vitreous humour , with a focusing lens and often a muscle called the iris that controls how much light enter...

Epigenetics

...ormation that is not expressed in DNA sequences is transmitted from one generation (of cells or organisms) to the next - that is (harking back to the Greek prefix), 'in addition to' the genetic information encoded in the DNA. In recent years, there has been rapid progress in understanding epigenetic mechanisms,...

Endosymbiont

...to her offspring. In some cases, the bacteria are transmitted in the egg, as in Buchnera ; in others like Wigglesworthia , they are transmitted via milk to the developing insect embryo. The bacteria are thought to help the host by either synt...

Endosymbiont

...to her offspring. In some cases, the bacteria are transmitted in the egg, as in Buchnera ; in others like Wigglesworthia , they are transmitted via milk to the developing insect embryo. The bacteria are thought to help the host by either synt...

Ebola

...ola hemorrhagic fever Among humans, the virus is transmitted by direct contact with infected body fluids such a... is possible to say that since this disease can be transmitted from monkeys to humans, that Ebola will probably reappear in places where there are significant monk...

DNA

...ts . During reproduction , it is replicated and transmitted to offspring. In bacteria and other simple cell organisms, DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope . In the complex cells that make up plants , animals and in other multi-celled organisms , by contrast, most of t...

Blood

...infection. AIDS , the virus of which, HIV , is transmitted through contact between blood, semen , or the bod...s of an infected person. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to blood-borne infections, bloodstained objects are treated a...

Avian influenza

... more susceptible domestic stocks. It can also be transmitted by contaminated feed, water, equipment and clothin...ill inevitably mutate to the point where it can be transmitted from human to human. It is at that point that a pandemic becomes likely. The first cases of avian ...

Arbovirus

...ropod borne virus ) is a virus that is primarily transmitted by arthropods, such as ticks and mosquitoes . The term Arbovirus is not part of the taxonomic classification of viruses , that is, viruses from different families and even orders can be arboviruses. List of arboviruses (not complete): De...