translation

Wobble base pair

...r . Wobble base pairs are critical for the proper translation of the genetic code . The genetic code makes up for disparities in the number of amino acids (20) for codons (64) by using modified base pairs in the first base of the anti-codon. One important modified base is inosine which can basepair with th...

Unsolved problems in biology

...rganisms link together to a primary source? Is the translation of the genetic code language possible? Given a DNA sequence, what shape will the protein fold into? Given a particular desired shape, what DNA sequence will produce it ? What are all the functions of the DNA? Other than the structural genes, wh...

Splicing (genetics)

...is a modification of genetic information prior to translation . In eukaryotes , a gene often contains alteri...der , trailer and poly-A tail ↓ translation ↓ polypeptide See also : genetics -- cDNA...

Endoplasmic reticulum

...the nuclear membrane . The ER is the site of the translation and folding of and transport of proteins that are to become part of the cell membrane (e.g., transmembrane receptors and other integral membrane proteins ) as well as proteins that are to be secreted or " exocytosed " from the cell (e.g., dig...

Secondary structure

...structure — quaternary structure — translation — structural motif Alignment Both protein and RNA secondary structures can be used to analyze sequences by alignment. These alignments can be made more accurate by the inclusion of secondary structure information, in addition to the ...

Endoplasmic reticulum

...the nuclear membrane . The ER is the site of the translation and folding of and transport of proteins that are to become part of the cell membrane (e.g., transmembrane receptors and other integral membrane proteins ) as well as proteins that are to be secreted or " exocytosed " from the cell (e.g., dig...

Endoplasmic reticulum

...the nuclear membrane . The ER is the site of the translation and folding of and transport of proteins that are to become part of the cell membrane (e.g., transmembrane receptors and other integral membrane proteins ) as well as proteins that are to be secreted or " exocytosed " from the cell (e.g., dig...

RNA

...ption ) and then translate it into proteins (by translation ). Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") ... rRNA ). Both forms participate in the process of translation , but many others exist. RNA forms the genetic material ( genomes ) of some kinds of viruses. D...

Reverse genetics

...ve is systems ranging in complexity from cell-free translation in a test tube to humans. Finally, a more difficult genetics technique is the creation of transgenic organisms that overexpress a gene of interest. The resulting phenotype may reflect the normal function of the gene....

Proteolysis

...moval of N-terminal methionine residues after translation . Removal of the signal sequence of peptides after their transport through a membrane Separation of viral proteins that were translated from a monocistronic mRNA Digestion of proteins from foods as a source of amino acids Conversion...

Protein

...tide bonds , which are made during the process of translation . The secondary structures are held together by hydrogen bonds . The tertiary structure is held together primarily by hydrophobic interactions but hydrogen bonds , ionic interactions, and disulfide bonds are usually involved too. The process...

Protein biosynthesis

...e term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process, beginning with transcription and ending with translation . Protein biosynthesis although very similar, differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes . Co...

Morphogenesis

...nt at the posterior end. The Bicoid protein blocks translation of caudal mRNA so Caudal protein is made only in...otein binds to the hunchback mRNA and blocks its translation in the posterior end of Drosophila embryos. The Bicoid, Hunchback, and Caudal proteins are transc...

Molecular biology

...s of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material . The central dogma of ...in biosynthesis (transcription from DNA to RNA , translation from RNA into protein ) Protein structure and diversity Notable molecular biologists Fran...

Konrad Lorenz

...many of his papers were later published in English translation in the two volumes titled Studies in Animal and Human Behaviour . Lorenz and Tinbergen developed the idea of the "Innate Releasing Mechanism" to explain the occurrence of instinctive behaviours ("Fixed Action Patterns"), and under the influence of t...

Kinetic energy

...we can use the Newtonian approximation: E translation is the translational kinetic energy m is mass of the body v is linear velocity of the centre of mass body Thus, for a speed of 10 m/s the kinetic energy is 50 J/kg, for a speed of 100 m/s it is 5 kJ/kg, etc. If a body is rotating, its ...

Gregor Mendel

... during their lifetimes. Mendel had read a German translation of Darwin's Origin (as evidenced by his notes in the margin of the copy in his monastery), but apparently failed to realize its significance. Darwin received a copy of Mendel's paper, but he did not read it (as evidenced by the pages of the pape...

Genetic code

...he first AUG in an mRNA 's coding region is where translation into protein begins. 2 This is a start codon for prokaryotes only. Table 2: Reverse codon table This table shows the 20 amino acids used in proteins, and the codons that code for each amino acid. Ala A GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG Leu L UUA,...

Gene

... Normally, RNA is an intermediate product in the translation of a molecular gene into a protein. However, for s...nscription. The RNA is often edited before its translation into a protein. Eukaryotic cells splice the transcripts of a gene, by keeping the exons and rem...

Endoplasmic reticulum

...the nuclear membrane . The ER is the site of the translation and folding of and transport of proteins that are to become part of the cell membrane (e.g., transmembrane receptors and other integral membrane proteins ) as well as proteins that are to be secreted or " exocytosed " from the cell (e.g., dig...

Morphogenesis

...nt at the posterior end. The Bicoid protein blocks translation of caudal mRNA so Caudal protein is made only in...otein binds to the hunchback mRNA and blocks its translation in the posterior end of Drosophila embryos. The Bicoid, Hunchback, and Caudal proteins are transc...

DNA

...protein is determined by simple cellular rules of translation , known collectively as the genetic code . The genetic code is made up of three-letter 'words' (termed a codon ) formed from a sequence of three nucleotides (e.g. ACT, CAG, TTT). These codons can then be translated with messenger RNA and then tran...

Genetic code

...he first AUG in an mRNA 's coding region is where translation into protein begins. 2 This is a start codon for prokaryotes only. Table 2: Reverse codon table This table shows the 20 amino acids used in proteins, and the codons that code for each amino acid. Ala A GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG Leu L UUA,...

Cell growth

...OR is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates translation and cell division. Nutrient availability influences mTOR so that when cells are not able to grow to normal size they will not undergo cell division.The details of the molecular mechanisms of mammalian cell size control are currently being investigat...

Cell biology

...known as protein biosynthesis or simply protein translation . Some proteins, such as those to be incorporated in membranes ( membrane proteins ), are transported into the ER during synthesis and further processed in the Golgi apparatus . From the Golgi, membrane proteins can move to the plasma membrane ,...

BLAST

...ein-protein BLAST. Nucleotide-protein 6-frame translation (blastx) : This program compares the six-frame conceptual translation products of a nucleotide query sequence (both strands) against a protein sequence database. This c...

Archaea

...ism . However, their genetic transcription and translation - the two central processes in molecular biology... to those of eukaryotes . For instance, archaean translation uses eukaryotic initiation and elongation factors, and their transcription involves TATA-binding pro...

Anticodon

...ortant role in various DNA cycles, including RNA translation . It is, specifically, the group of nucleotides on a strand of tRNA that is complementary to specific codons on a strand of mRNA . See also protein synthesis . The first base on the anticodon can be modified to another nucleotide such as inos...

Amino acid

...ational modification , that is modification after translation ( protein synthesis ). These modifications are o...mino acids by peptide bonds in a process called translation . Peptide bond formation 1. Amino acid; 2, zwitterion structure; 3, two amino acids for...

Alpha helix

...s in a 100 turn in the helix, and corresponds to a translation of 1.5 along the helical axis. The helix is tightly packed; there is almost no free space within the helix. All amino acid side-chains are arranged at the outside of the helix. The N-H group of amino acid (n) can establish a hydrogen bond with th...