toxic

Vesicle

...e detoxifiers of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), a toxic byproduct of cell metabolism. Large storage vesicles are known as vacuoles . Mechanisms Assembly of a protein coat drives vesicle formation and selection of cargo molecules. Vesicle coat The vesicle coat serves to sculpt the curvature of a d...

Vacuole

...ing the cell, sequestering materials that might be toxic to the cell, maintaining fluid balance (called tu...ons (such as calcium ) and other substances, like toxic byproducts which are hence removed from the cytosol. By letting protons in, it helps in keeping th...

Vaccine

...a , and mumps . Toxoids - these are inactivated toxic compounds from micro-organisms in cases where these (rather than the micro-organism itself) causes illness. Examples of toxoid-based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria The live tuberculosis vaccine is not the contagious TB strain, but...

Urea cycle

...ed (Krebs and Hensenleit, 1932) Urea is much less toxic than ammonia, therefore organisms which can't easily and quickly remove ammonia usually have to convert it to some other substance, like urea or uric acid . Insufficiency of the urea cycle occurs in some genetic disorders ( inborn errors of meta...

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

...er, SSRIs have the important advantage that their toxic dose is high, and, therefore, they are much more difficult to use as a means to commit suicide . Further, they have fewer or milder side effects . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 List of SSRIs 2 How they work 3 Criticis...

Protein

...teins by the body releases ammonia , an extremely toxic substance. It is then converted in the liver into urea , a much less toxic chemical, which is excreted in urine . Some animals convert it into uric acid instead. Prot...

Peroxisome

...er cells. Peroxisomes function to rid the cell of toxic substances, such as hydrogen peroxide , or other ...ase which converts H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide, a toxic byproduct of cellular metabolism ) to H 2 O and O 2 , with 4H 2 O 2 → 4H 2 O + 2O 2 . In hum...

Osmoregulation

...d other substances such as hormones which would be toxic if allowed to accumulate in the blood via organs s...aste products of nitrogen metabolism Ammonia is a toxic by-product of protein metabolism and is generally converted to less toxic substances after it is pro...

Mycology

...xins associated with fatal outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia in humans were extensively studied by Abraham Joffe . Also, fungi are fundamental for life on earth in their roles as symbionts , e.g. in the form of mycorrhizae , insect symbionts and lichens as well as their potency in breaking down ...

Morphogenesis

...ng from substances produced by other organisms to toxic chemicals or radionuclides released as pollutants. See also embryogenesis embryo model organism Drosophila embryogenesis Alan Turing...

Kidney

...n of a urinary tract infection . Azotemia is a toxic condition characterized by abnormal and dangerously high levels of urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds in the blood. Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys caused by obstructio...

Growth curve

...t grow rapidly are generally more sensitive to the toxic effects that conventional anticancer drugs have on the cancer cells . Many conventional anticancer drugs (for example, 5-Fluoro Uracil ) interfere with DNA replication and can cause the death of cells that attempt to replicate their DNA and divid...

Extinction

...e healthy species is wiped out completely, as when toxic pollution renders its entire habitat unlivable; or... direct effects, such as the environment becoming toxic , or indirectly, by limiting a species' ability to compete effectively for diminished resources or a...

Eukaryote

...isomes are used to break down peroxide which is toxic otherwise. Many protozoa have contractile vacuoles, which collect and expel excess water, and extrusomes , which expel material used to deflect predators or capture prey. In multicellular organisms, hormones are often produced in vesicles. In h...

Bacterium

...such as insulin , or for the bioremediation of toxic wastes . Miscellaneous In terms of evolution, bacteria are thought to be very old organisms, appearing about 3.7 billion years ago. Two organelles , mitochondria and chloroplasts , are generally believed to have been derived from endosymb...

Ethyl alcohol

...on of small amounts of substances that are either toxic (such as methanol ) or unpleasant (such as dena...s. Denatured ethanol has the UN number UN 1987 and toxic denatured ethanol has UN 1986. Use Ethanol is used as a fuel and in a wide variety of indust...

Morphogenesis

...ng from substances produced by other organisms to toxic chemicals or radionuclides released as pollutants. See also embryogenesis embryo model organism Drosophila embryogenesis Alan Turing...

Colchicine

...h arsenic : symptoms start 2 to 5 hours after the toxic dose has been ingested and include burning in the mouth and throat, fever , vomiting , diarrhea , abdominal pain and kidney failure . Death from respiratory failure can follow. There is no antidote. Laboratory use In laboratory setting colc...

Bacterium

...such as insulin , or for the bioremediation of toxic wastes . Miscellaneous In terms of evolution, bacteria are thought to be very old organisms, appearing about 3.7 billion years ago. Two organelles , mitochondria and chloroplasts , are generally believed to have been derived from endosymb...

Antibiotic

...arded the growth of other bacteria in situ and was toxic to many disease-causing bacteria. Unfortunately, pyocyanase's own toxicity and unstable character prevented its use as an effective, safe antibiotic within the human body. The first effective antibiotic discovered was penicillin . French physician ...

Ames test

... is necessary. Occasionally a tested agent will be toxic enough to simply kill the bacterial culture in which case a "thin lawn" is observed. S-9 In some Ames assays an S-9 mix is added. The S-9 mix contains liver enzymes , generally from a rat. These enzymes can metabolize the agent being tested in...

Alcohol

...zed, and often their metabolism produces even more toxic substances. Methanol, or wood alcohol , for instance, is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes in the liver to the poisonous formaldehyde , which can cause blindness or death. Interestingly, an effective treatment to prevent formaldehyde to...