Anatomy
... a description of the structures of an organ or
system (such as nerves , arteries , heart , and so ... built.
Major body systems:
Integumentary
system
Muscular
system
...
Antibody
... An antibody is a protein used by the immune
system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like ... The main reason that the human immune
system is capable of binding so many antigens is the ... gene for each possible antigen, the immune
system would require many more genes than exist in the ...
Apoptosis
... tissue or from a cell that is part of the immune
system .
If a cell's capability of apoptosis is ... as part of the hijacking of the cell's genetic
system carried out by human papillomaviruses (HPV), a ... and attack healthy body cells. The way the immune
system regulates this process is by "deleting" both the ...
Axon
... the primary transmission lines of the nervous
system , and as bundles they help make up nerves . ... insulating those of the central nervous
system . Along myelinated nerve fibers, gaps in the ... the first intracellular recordings in a nervous
system were made in the late 1930's by K. Cole and H. ...
Biology
... -- Animalia
However, this five-kingdom
system is now considered by many to be outdated. More ... generally begin with the three-domain
system :
Archaea (originally Archaebacteria) -- ... , archaea , and eukaryotes (see Three domain
system ).
Homeostasis: adapting to change
Main ...
Blood
... and contains various components of the immune
system defending the body against infection . ... the heart through the veins .
See circulatory
system for a more detailed description of this ... or leukocytes (3.0%), are part of the immune
system ; they destroy infectious agents.
Platelets ...
Brain
... , is the supervisory center of the nervous
system . Although the brain is usually cited as the ... be used for the invertebrate central nervous
system . In most animals, the brain is located in the ... known as neocortex .
The meninges are the
system of membranes that separate the skull from the ...
Carolus Linnaeus
... in a simple and orderly manner. Although the
system now known as binomial nomenclature was ... became known as the Linnaean taxonomy : the
system of scientific classification now widely used in the biological sciences .
The Linnaean
system classified living things within a hierarchy , ...
Culture
... or nation.
Culture is a part of the social
system and hierarchically equal to an economic
system , political
system , or ...
Diabetes mellitus
... disorder , in which the body's own immune
system attacks the beta cells in the Islets of ... sympathetic activation of the autonomic nervous
system - they may experience feelings similar to dread ... style (ie, optical color sensing) monitoring
system
Prolonged and elevated levels of glucose in ...
Diffusion
...
2.1.1 Diffusion in the respiratory
system
2.1.2 Facilitated diffusion
2.1.3 Net flux ... in cell biology
Diffusion in the respiratory
system
In mammalian lungs , a process of diffusion ... motion
Cell membrane
Circulatory
system
Diffusion equation
Effusion
...
Endomembrane system
... The endomembrane
system is the
system of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells ... . Prokaryotes do not have an endomembrane
system and thus lack most organelles.
The ...
Equilibrium
... in the natural and social sciences. In general, a
system is said to be in a state of equilibrium if all influences on the
system are cancelled by the effects of others. A ...
Thermodynamic equilibrium , the state of a
system in which its internal processes cause no net ...
Homeostasis
... or homoeostasis is the property of an open
system , especially living organisms, to regulate its ... oppose change to maintain equilibrium. If the
system does not succeed in reestablishing its balance, it may ultimately lead the
system to stop functioning.
Complex systems , such as ...
Hormone
... but hormones are produced by nearly every organ
system and tissue type in a human or animal body. ... death), activation or inhibition of the immune
system , regulating metabolism and preparation for a ... h in gonadotrophin.
See also
endocrine
system
plant hormones or plant growth regulators
...
Immune system
... The immune
system is the collection of organs and tissues involved ... It may be broken down into the adaptive immune
system (only found in vertebrates [1] ), composed of ... systems, encompassing both the adaptive immune
system and other passive defenses, such as the skin.
...
Immunology
... that covers study of all aspects of the immune
system in all organisms . It deals with, among other ... the physiological functioning of the immune
system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune
system in immunological disorders ( autoimmune diseases ...
Life
... nucleic acid replicated, protein readout
system
"a
system of inferior negative feedbacks subordinated to a ... of life as a highly organized auto-cannibalizing
system naturally emerging from conditions common on ...
Limbic system
... The limbic
system is a group of brain structures that are ... and also in the formation of memory . The limbic
system affects the endocrine
system and the autonomic ...
Lung
... lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory
system and interfacing to the circulatory
system of air-breathing vertebrates . Its function is ... but highly efficient crosscurrent exchange
system in their lungs, accompanied by air sacs to ...
Major histocompatibility complex
... containing many genes with important immune
system roles. In humans , the MHC spans almost 4 ... termed antigens .
Interestingly, the immune
system has another, equally important method to identify ... Mhc -TCR interaction. This duplicity creates a
system of "checks and balances" and underscores the ...
Malaria
... protected from attack by the body's immune
system because it stays inside liver and blood cells. ... immune system.
By the time the human immune
system learns to recognise the protein and starts making ... the protein, making it difficult for the immune
system to keep up.
The stickiness of the red blood ...
Muscle
... sensory information to the central nervous
system .
Skeletal muscle is arranged in discrete ... loops such as that of the extrapyramidal
system contribute signals to influence muscle tone and ... tract (e.g. asthma ), the digestive
system (e.g. irritable bowel syndrome ) and the ...
Nervous system
... The nervous
system of an animal coordinates the activity of the ... , and initiates actions . (see Central Nervous
system ).
In animals with brains , the nervous
system also generates and conducts thoughts and ....
Neuron
... cells ) are the primary cells of the nervous
system .
In vertebrates , they are found in the brain ... nerves and ganglia of the peripheral nervous
system .
Contents ... from tissues and organs into the central nervous
system .
Efferent neurons transmit signals from the ...
Neuroscience
... , pharmacology and pathology of the nervous
system . The study of behavior and learning is also a ... cerebellum , and at the highest level the nervous
system as a whole.
At this highest level, ... there are so many differences between the nervous
system and the rest of the body, both in terms of ...
Nutrition
... birth ) is acquired from food in the digestive
system . Not all the food matter in the stomach can be ... It is now also known that the human digestion
system contains a population of a range of bacteria ... goitre , scurvy, osteoporosis , poor immune
system response (and indirectly some forms of cancers), ...
Olfaction
... in the nose and processed by the olfactory
system .
Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") ... features to other parts of the olfactory
system in the brain, which puts together the features ... the combination of features gives the olfactory
system a broad range of odors that it can detect.
Odor ...
Origin of life
... of life. Moreover, he presented a consistent
system of tracing today's biochemistry back to ancestral ... below the surface of another body in our solar
system would lend significant credence to this theory. ... common in space, especially in the outer solar
system where volatiles are not evaporated by solar ...
Skeleton
...
In biology , the skeleton or skeletal
system is the biological
system providing support in living organisms. (By ... or sclerotization).
An internal skeletal
system consists of rigid structures within the body, ...
Stem cell
... motor neuron cells, which are key to the nervous
system , develop in the first place.
Stem cell ... between cord blood stem cell type and the immune
system of a patient because the latter accepts the ... stage far from possessing a nervous
system , and thus biologically speaking do not have ...
Synapse
... junctions through which cells of the nervous
system signal to one another and to non-neuronal cells ... in which the neurons of the central nervous
system interconnect. They are thus crucial to the ... also provide the means through which the nervous
system connects to and controls the other systems of the ...
Systems biology
... between various parts of a biological
system (e.g. organelles , cells , physiological ... eventually an understandable model of the whole
system can be developed. Nevertheless, the complexity ... the definition of
behaviours or properties of the
system which characterise the particular state
of ...
Vaccine
... by insertion (and expression , triggering immune
system recognition) into human or animal cells, of viral ... results.
Developing immunity
The immune
system recognizes vaccine agents as foreign, destroys ... version of an agent comes along, the immune
system is thus prepared to respond, by (1) neutralizing ...
Unsolved problems in biology
... electric fields?
Viruses / Immune
system . What causes immune
system deficiencies ? What are the signs of current or ... ? What leads to the complexity of the immune
system ? What is the relationship between the ...
Vestibular system
... The vestibular
system , or balance
system , is the sensory system
that provides the ... of
rotations and translations, the vestibular
system comprises two components:
the semicircular ...
Astrobiology
... the conditions on other planets in the solar
system with extreme environments on Earth . Microbes ... , among others. Several planets in the Solar
system have similar conditions and could well harbour ... of life on other planets in our solar
system .
See also
Artificial life
...
Activation energy
... The activation energy in chemistry is the energy needed by a
system to initiate a particular process. Activation energy is often used to ... because temperature is a measure of the average energy of the
system - individual molecules can have more or less energy than the average. ...
Artificial life
... consisting of a "head" and "tail" boxcar could use the simple rules of the
system to consistently create new "organisms" identical to itself, so long as ... we say that a system, or a subsystem, is alive?"
"What is the smallest
system that we can consider alive?"
"Why is nature able to achieve an ...
Biodiversity
... The loss of a species is thus likely to decreases the ability of the
system to maintain itself or to recover from damage or disturbance. Just like a ...
Biodiversity: time and space
Biodiversity is not static: it is a
system in constant evolution, from a species, as well as from an individual ...