solution

Xylem

...Two phenomena cause xylem sap to flow: The soil solution (see soil ) is more dilute than the cytosol of the root cells. Thus, water moves osmotically into the cells, creating root pressure . Even under optimal conditions, root pressure can only lift water a couple of feet. By far the most import...

Turgor

...led turgor. The osmotic pressure π of a dilute solution can be calculated using the formula where M is the molarity R is the molar gas constant T is absolute temperature (i.e. measured in kelvin ). Note the similarity of the above formula to the ideal gas law . See also Pfeff...

Stoma

...a paradox . A small group of plants evolved with a solution to the paradox; they open the stoma at night and store the carbon dioxide for use during the following day, allowing the stoma to close at dawn. These plants are known as CAM plants . Viewing Stoma The easiest way to view stomata on a leaf is to...

Starch

... same as ordinary starch. Tests for Starch A solution of Iodine and Potassium iodide in water, when added to a sample containing starch (specifically amylose) will turn an intense blue-black colour, otherwise it will stay yellow-orange. Under the microscope , starch grains show a distinctive Malt...

Protein

... state , in a small range of pH values and under solution conditions with a minimum quantity of electrolytes , as many proteins will not remain in solution in distilled water . A protein that loses its native state is said to be denatured . Denatured pro...

Plasmolysis

...nt cell in a strongly saline (salty) or sugary solution , so that water is lost by osmosis . If onion epidermal (outer) tissue is immersed in a solution of calcium nitrate , cells rapidly lose water by osmosis and the protoplasm of the cells shrinks....

Photosynthesis

... theory: light hit the membranes and the pH of the solution that contain the purple membranes dropped as protons were pumping out of the membranes! The ATP and NADPH produced by photosynthesis drive a variety of other biochemical processes. In plants, the most notable is the Calvin cycle , by which carbon ...

Osmoregulation

... measure of the tendency of water to move into one solution from another by osmosis. The higher the osmotic pressure of a solution the more water wants to go into the solution. The pressure that must be exerted on the hypertonic s...

Osmosis

...vent flows from the side of the membrane where the solution is weakest to the side where it is strongest, until the solution on both sides of the membrane is the same strength (that is, until the chemical potential is equal...

Origin of life

...uffman Cairns Smith illustration of a possible solution using crystalline behaviors of clays Model of origin of life involving zeolite, press release for PNAS paper The Birth of Complex Cells, and the oxygen holocaust — by Christian de Duve Possible Connections Between Interstellar Che...

Molecular biology

...s then eluted from the matrix, usually by adding a solution with a high salt concentration, or by varying the pH of the solution in which the matrix is contained. The beads can either be suspended in solution (batch processing) ...

Macromolecule

...ough too small to see, individual pieces of DNA in solution can be broken in two simply by suctioning the solution through an ordinary straw. This is not true of smaller molecules. The 1964 edition of Linus Pauling...

Louis Pasteur

...ncerning the nature of tartaric acid ( 1849 ). A solution of this compound derived from living things (specifically, wine lees) rotated the plane of polarization of light passing through it. The mystery was that tartaric acid derived by chemical synthesis had no such effect, even though its reactions we...

Kidney

...sport and countertransport mechanisms. The final solution is then excreted as urine . A nephron consists of an initial filtering component called the renal corpuscle (or Malpighian corpuscle ), and a renal tubule that extends from the renal corpuscle. Each renal corpuscle contains a compact bunch o...

Insulin

...ropriate pump. An insulin pump is a reasonable solution for some. However there are several major limitati...ay absorption of the insulin, adjust the pH of the solution to reduce reactions at the injection site, and so on. Some recent insulins are not even precisely in...

Photosynthesis

... theory: light hit the membranes and the pH of the solution that contain the purple membranes dropped as protons were pumping out of the membranes! The ATP and NADPH produced by photosynthesis drive a variety of other biochemical processes. In plants, the most notable is the Calvin cycle , by which carbon ...

His-tag

...d to the column. The protein can be eluted with a solution of imidazole . Detection The his tag can also be used in detection of the protein via anti-his-tag antibodies . This can be useful in localization , ELISA , western blots or other immunoanalytical methods....

Glucose

...arides ). The older name dextrose arose because a solution of D -glucose rotates polarised light towards t...ein D - fructose was called "levulose" because a solution of levulose rotates polarised light to the left. Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1...

Fitness landscape

...ptimization, one has to define for every possible solution s to the problem of interest (i.e., every possi...r on route s . The best, or at least a very good, solution is then found in the following way. Initially, a population of random solutions is created. Then, th...

Fehling's solution

Fehling's solution is a solution used to detect aldehyde functional groups . The substance to be tested is heated together with F...

Eugenics

...ortance of breeding, at some point in the future a solution would be found. As for Darwin, he read his cousin's work with interest, but dismissed its goals as too " Utopian ." In his later work, The Descent of Man , Darwin noted that while Galton's formulation of the peril of civilization might be correc...

Ethyl alcohol

...lavor compounds are dissolved during brewing . A solution of 70-85% of ethanol is commonly used as a disinfectant . It kills organisms by denaturing their proteins and dissolving their lipids and is effective against most bacteria and fungi , and many viruses , but is ineffective against bacterial ...

Electrophysiology

...contribution from the microelectrode, the chloride solution is replaced with cerralow, a low melting temperatu...on of the oxidized components inside of biological solution being studied. It is typically employed for studing the neural exocytosis of some neurotransmitters....

Dialysis

...o the body. In peritoneal dialysis , a special solution is run through a tube into the peritoneal cavity ... dialysis fluid (also called dialysis solution), a solution comprised of a known amount of a glucose dissolved in water. The strength of this solution determi...

Competitive exclusion principle

...exist within small regions of open sea. A partial solution to the paradox lies in raising the dimensionality of the system. Spatial heterogeneity , multiple resource competition , competition-colonization trade-offs , and lag prevent exclusion (ignoring stochastic extinction over longer time-frames). Howeve...

Chromatography

...unds travel at different rates. A small spot of solution containing the sample is applied to a strip of chromatography paper about one centimetre from the base. This sample is adsorbed onto the paper. This means that the sample will contact the paper and may form interactions with it. Any substance th...

Chlorophyll

...ite areas that have none.) When tested with iodine solution , a color change revealing the presence of starch occurs only in regions of the leaf that were green and therefore contained chlorophyll. This shows that photosynthesis does not occur in areas where chlorophyll is absent and constitutes evidence that...

Cellulose

...ial, the portion that does not dissolve in a 17.5% solution of sodium hydroxide at 20 deg C. is Alpha Cellulose , which is true cellulose; the portion that dissolves and then precipitates upon acidification is Beta Cellulose , and the proportion that dissolves but does not precipitate is Gamma Cellulose . ...

Blood

...the kidney to be excreted in urine . A buffer solution of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) and bicarbonate ...ion . Blood plasma is essentially an aqueous solution containing 96% water, 4% blood plasma proteins , and trace amounts of following: albumin bl...

Biodiversity

...hermore, ex-situ conservation can provide a backup solution to in-situ conservation projects. Some believe both types of conservation are required to ensure proper preservation.An example of an in-situ conservation effort is the setting-up of protection areas. An example of an ex-situ conservation effort, by ...

Adenosine triphosphate

... an effectively irreversible process in aqueous solution . Reaction of ADP with GTP ADP + GTP ATP + GDP There is talk of using ATP as a power source for nanotechnology and implants. Artificial pacemakers could become independent of batteries . See also Adenosine diphosphate ...