Sequences in Biological Definition
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Sequences in Biological Definition
... include the assembly of high-quality DNA sequences from fragmentary "shotgun" DNA sequencing , and ... of data, it becomes impossible to analyze DNA sequences manually. Today, computer programs are used to find similar sequences in the genome of dozens of organisms, within ...
... , is an algorithm for comparing biological sequences , such as the amino-acid sequences of different proteins or the DNA sequences . Given a library or database of sequences, a ...
... code is a set of rules, which maps DNA sequences to proteins in the living cell , and is ... to begin the process; nearby initiation sequences are also required to induce transcription into ... a later development, and that originally, protein sequences were directly templated on base sequences. Also, ...
... include the assembly of high-quality DNA sequences from fragmentary "shotgun" DNA sequencing , and ... of data, it becomes impossible to analyze DNA sequences manually. Today, computer programs are used to find similar sequences in the genome of dozens of organisms, within ...
... speculation. It is known that certain nucleotide sequences specify affinity for DNA binding proteins , ... control of replication and transcription. These sequences are frequently called regulatory sequences , and researchers assume that so far they have ...
... interfering RNAs have a regulatory role. The DNA sequences from which such RNAs are transcribed are known as ... proteins, and the genes may be separated by vast sequences of so-called junk DNA . Moreover, the genes are often fragmented internally by non-coding sequences called introns , which can be many times longer ...
... code is a set of rules, which maps DNA sequences to proteins in the living cell , and is ... to begin the process; nearby initiation sequences are also required to induce transcription into ... a later development, and that originally, protein sequences were directly templated on base sequences. Also, ...
... Experimental investigation of some of these sequences has shown that some are transcribed into small ... apparent. The identification of similar sequences (including many genes) in two distantly related ... of the clades, has led to the theory that these sequences were acquired by horizontal gene transfer . This ...
... to patent all genes found, unlike the gene sequences found by the original publicly-funded HGP, which ... Approximately 47% of the draft were high-quality sequences - the final version will have been checked eight ... Japan) houses the genomic sequence, along with sequences of known and hypothetical genes and proteins. ...
... It is for this reason that microsatellite sequences can be used for genetic fingerprinting and ... arises because the repeated simple sequences cause a high frequency of loss or insertion of ... DNA replication machinery. Self-complementary sequences may aid this process. In tumour cells, where ...
... of this ability is the complex library of pulse sequences that the modern medical MRI scanner includes, ... tissues are bright (most modern T2 sequences are actually fast T2 sequences, in which case ... and remains for up to two weeks. As such, DWI sequences are extraordinarily sensitive for acute stroke. ...
... 1 Promoter elements 2 Promoter sequences 2.1 Prokaryotic promoters 2.1.1 ... of transcription of a given gene. Promoter sequences Prokaryotic promoters In prokaryotes , the promoter consists of two short sequences at -10 and -35 position upstream of the gene, ...
... enzymes as tools 4 Many Recognition sequences are palindromic 5 Types of restriction ... and splicing Because recognition sequences differ between restriction enzymes, the length ... between overhangs with complementary sequences enables two fragments to join or "to be spliced," ...
... Hormone Responsive Elements ( HREs ), DNA sequences that are located in the promoter region of the ... to the phosphate backbone of the DNA. The DNA sequences that match the receptor are usually hexameric repeats, either normal, inverted or everted. The sequences are quite similar, but their orientation and ...
... replace them with a copy of undamaged genes. Gene sequences on chromosomes are fixed by following the ... genes between the two copies of repeated sequences that lie near to each other as mirror images. ... long evolutionary timescales between repeated sequences on the same chromosome, but not at the dramatic ...
... and Robert Corey in 1951 . It consists of two or more amino acid sequences within the same protein that are arranged adjacently and in parallel, but ... the alternate side of the sheet are polar or charged (hydrophilic). Some sequences involved in a β sheet, when traced along the backbone, take a ...
... information about phylogeny. These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics , and comparisons of ... leans heavily on techniques from molecular biology to determine DNA sequences which assist in understanding the genetic variation of a population; and ...
... Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of these signal sequences in 1975. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (e.g., a ... Insertion into the ER membrane requires the correct topogenic sequences . Glycosylation. Glycosylation involves the attachment of ...
... some extremely rare and minor deviations) to translate nucleic acid sequences into proteins. Because the selection of these traits is somewhat ... that are phylogenetically distant. For example, neutral human DNA sequences are approximately 1.2% divergent (based on substitutions) from those of ...
... in common. Genetic fingerprinting exploits highly variable repeating sequences called microsatellites . Two unrelated humans will be likely to have ... a radioactively-labelled DNA probe which binds to certain and specific DNA sequences on the membrane. The excess DNA probe is washed off. An X-ray film placed ...
... the biological catalysts known as enzymes are proteins. (Certain RNA sequences were shown in the late 20th century to have catalytic properties as well.) ... to regulation and other properties of a protein. The genetic sequences of different proteins may be spliced together to create "chimeric" ...
... Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of these signal sequences in 1975. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (e.g., a ... Insertion into the ER membrane requires the correct topogenic sequences . Glycosylation. Glycosylation involves the attachment of ...
... Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of these signal sequences in 1975. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (e.g., a ... Insertion into the ER membrane requires the correct topogenic sequences . Glycosylation. Glycosylation involves the attachment of ...
... Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of these signal sequences in 1975. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (e.g., a ... Insertion into the ER membrane requires the correct topogenic sequences . Glycosylation. Glycosylation involves the attachment of ...
... results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, as in cancerous tumors. Not all forms of PCD share the characteristic shapes (the morphology ) and sequences of apoptosis, but all types of PCD are highly regulated processes. Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Functions of apoptosis ...
... and catabolism , in which a cell breaks down complex molecules to yield energy and reducing power. Cell metabolism involves extremely complex sequences of controlled chemical reactions called metabolic pathways . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Anabolism 2 Catabolism ...
... = body) is, minimally, a very long, continuous piece of DNA , which contains many genes , regulatory elements and other intervening nucleotide sequences . In the chromosomes of eukaryotes , the uncondensed DNA exists in a quasi-ordered structure inside the nucleus , where it wraps around histones ...
... function, which may depend on context, a sequence may be sense or anti-sense (see DNA ), and either coding or noncoding . DNA sequences can also contain " junk DNA ". See also DNA DNA motif ...
... the offspring (see Waterland citation). In both cases, the object of study includes how gene regulatory information that is not expressed in DNA sequences is transmitted from one generation (of cells or organisms) to the next - that is (harking back to the Greek prefix), 'in addition to' the genetic ...
... that code for proteins with similar function but that exists in different species. Orthologs are created from a speciation event. (See Homology of sequences in genetics ) It is important (but often hard) to differentiate between paralogs and orthologs in biological research. Experiments on human gene ...
... close in sequence and come into contact with one another. Thus, crossover may occur between Alu repeats on the same chromatid, or between similar sequences on two completely different chromosomes. These processes are called unbalanced recombination. Unbalanced recombination is fairly rare compared to ...
... genome sequence to be released 1998 The first genome sequnce for a multicellular eukaryote, C. elegans is released 2001 First draft sequences of the human genome are released simultaneously by the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics . 2003 ( 14 April ) Successful completion of ...
... contains molecules of a large glycoprotein called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These proteins have configurations and amino acid sequences that are unique to every individual. T cells, a group that encompasses cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( CTLs ), the cells that kill virally-infected cells, ...
... . This includes the biosynthesis of complex organic molecules ( anabolism ) and their breakdown ( catabolism ). Metabolism usually consists of sequences of enzymatic steps, also called metabolic pathways . The total metabolism are all biochemical processes of an organism. The cell metabolism ...
... microbes found at South Pole Citat: ... to survive the large doses of ultraviolet radiation, extreme cold and ... microbes have DNA sequences similar to a category of bacteria known as ... BBCNews: 16 January, 2002, Tough bugs point to life on Mars Citat: ... research ...
... matrilineal transmission of mitochondrial DNA, scientists in population genetics and evolutionary biology often use data from mitochondrial DNA sequences to draw conclusions about genealogy and evolution . See: mitochondrial Eve . Recent studies have, however, cast doubt on this hypothesis. ...
... matrilineal transmission of mitochondrial DNA, scientists in population genetics and evolutionary biology often use data from mitochondrial DNA sequences to draw conclusions about genealogy and evolution . See: mitochondrial Eve . Recent studies have, however, cast doubt on this hypothesis. ...
... evolution is the process of the genetic material in populations of organisms changing over time. The genetic material consists of DNA , long sequences of nucleotides in each individual organism. Because most heritable changes in visible traits are a result of changes in the DNA, molecular ...
... , is an algorithm for comparing biological sequences , such as the amino-acid sequences of different proteins or the DNA sequences . Given a library or database of sequences, a ...
... code is a set of rules, which maps DNA sequences to proteins in the living cell , and is ... to begin the process; nearby initiation sequences are also required to induce transcription into ... a later development, and that originally, protein sequences were directly templated on base sequences. Also, ...
... include the assembly of high-quality DNA sequences from fragmentary "shotgun" DNA sequencing , and ... of data, it becomes impossible to analyze DNA sequences manually. Today, computer programs are used to find similar sequences in the genome of dozens of organisms, within ...
... speculation. It is known that certain nucleotide sequences specify affinity for DNA binding proteins , ... control of replication and transcription. These sequences are frequently called regulatory sequences , and researchers assume that so far they have ...
... interfering RNAs have a regulatory role. The DNA sequences from which such RNAs are transcribed are known as ... proteins, and the genes may be separated by vast sequences of so-called junk DNA . Moreover, the genes are often fragmented internally by non-coding sequences called introns , which can be many times longer ...
... code is a set of rules, which maps DNA sequences to proteins in the living cell , and is ... to begin the process; nearby initiation sequences are also required to induce transcription into ... a later development, and that originally, protein sequences were directly templated on base sequences. Also, ...
... Experimental investigation of some of these sequences has shown that some are transcribed into small ... apparent. The identification of similar sequences (including many genes) in two distantly related ... of the clades, has led to the theory that these sequences were acquired by horizontal gene transfer . This ...
... to patent all genes found, unlike the gene sequences found by the original publicly-funded HGP, which ... Approximately 47% of the draft were high-quality sequences - the final version will have been checked eight ... Japan) houses the genomic sequence, along with sequences of known and hypothetical genes and proteins. ...
... It is for this reason that microsatellite sequences can be used for genetic fingerprinting and ... arises because the repeated simple sequences cause a high frequency of loss or insertion of ... DNA replication machinery. Self-complementary sequences may aid this process. In tumour cells, where ...
... of this ability is the complex library of pulse sequences that the modern medical MRI scanner includes, ... tissues are bright (most modern T2 sequences are actually fast T2 sequences, in which case ... and remains for up to two weeks. As such, DWI sequences are extraordinarily sensitive for acute stroke. ...
Neutral theory of molecular evolution
... in part on the genetic code , according to which sequences of three nucleotides ( codons ) may differ and ... the actual number of differences between two sequences and the number that the neutral theory predicts ... assume that selection has acted on the sequences in question. Thus such tests contribute to the ...... 1 Promoter elements 2 Promoter sequences 2.1 Prokaryotic promoters 2.1.1 ... of transcription of a given gene. Promoter sequences Prokaryotic promoters In prokaryotes , the promoter consists of two short sequences at -10 and -35 position upstream of the gene, ...
... enzymes as tools 4 Many Recognition sequences are palindromic 5 Types of restriction ... and splicing Because recognition sequences differ between restriction enzymes, the length ... between overhangs with complementary sequences enables two fragments to join or "to be spliced," ...
... Hormone Responsive Elements ( HREs ), DNA sequences that are located in the promoter region of the ... to the phosphate backbone of the DNA. The DNA sequences that match the receptor are usually hexameric repeats, either normal, inverted or everted. The sequences are quite similar, but their orientation and ...
... replace them with a copy of undamaged genes. Gene sequences on chromosomes are fixed by following the ... genes between the two copies of repeated sequences that lie near to each other as mirror images. ... long evolutionary timescales between repeated sequences on the same chromosome, but not at the dramatic ...
... and Robert Corey in 1951 . It consists of two or more amino acid sequences within the same protein that are arranged adjacently and in parallel, but ... the alternate side of the sheet are polar or charged (hydrophilic). Some sequences involved in a β sheet, when traced along the backbone, take a ...
... information about phylogeny. These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics , and comparisons of ... leans heavily on techniques from molecular biology to determine DNA sequences which assist in understanding the genetic variation of a population; and ...
... Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of these signal sequences in 1975. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (e.g., a ... Insertion into the ER membrane requires the correct topogenic sequences . Glycosylation. Glycosylation involves the attachment of ...
... some extremely rare and minor deviations) to translate nucleic acid sequences into proteins. Because the selection of these traits is somewhat ... that are phylogenetically distant. For example, neutral human DNA sequences are approximately 1.2% divergent (based on substitutions) from those of ...
... in common. Genetic fingerprinting exploits highly variable repeating sequences called microsatellites . Two unrelated humans will be likely to have ... a radioactively-labelled DNA probe which binds to certain and specific DNA sequences on the membrane. The excess DNA probe is washed off. An X-ray film placed ...
... the biological catalysts known as enzymes are proteins. (Certain RNA sequences were shown in the late 20th century to have catalytic properties as well.) ... to regulation and other properties of a protein. The genetic sequences of different proteins may be spliced together to create "chimeric" ...
... Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of these signal sequences in 1975. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (e.g., a ... Insertion into the ER membrane requires the correct topogenic sequences . Glycosylation. Glycosylation involves the attachment of ...
... Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of these signal sequences in 1975. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (e.g., a ... Insertion into the ER membrane requires the correct topogenic sequences . Glycosylation. Glycosylation involves the attachment of ...
... Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of these signal sequences in 1975. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (e.g., a ... Insertion into the ER membrane requires the correct topogenic sequences . Glycosylation. Glycosylation involves the attachment of ...
... results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, as in cancerous tumors. Not all forms of PCD share the characteristic shapes (the morphology ) and sequences of apoptosis, but all types of PCD are highly regulated processes. Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Functions of apoptosis ...
... and catabolism , in which a cell breaks down complex molecules to yield energy and reducing power. Cell metabolism involves extremely complex sequences of controlled chemical reactions called metabolic pathways . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Anabolism 2 Catabolism ...
... = body) is, minimally, a very long, continuous piece of DNA , which contains many genes , regulatory elements and other intervening nucleotide sequences . In the chromosomes of eukaryotes , the uncondensed DNA exists in a quasi-ordered structure inside the nucleus , where it wraps around histones ...
... function, which may depend on context, a sequence may be sense or anti-sense (see DNA ), and either coding or noncoding . DNA sequences can also contain " junk DNA ". See also DNA DNA motif ...
... the offspring (see Waterland citation). In both cases, the object of study includes how gene regulatory information that is not expressed in DNA sequences is transmitted from one generation (of cells or organisms) to the next - that is (harking back to the Greek prefix), 'in addition to' the genetic ...
Evolutionary developmental biology
... body plans and morphology in organisms across many phyla is not necessarily reflected in similar diversity at the at the level of the genetic sequences controlling development. Indeed as Gerhart and Kirschner (1997) have noted there is an apparent paradox: "where we most expect to find variation, we ...... that code for proteins with similar function but that exists in different species. Orthologs are created from a speciation event. (See Homology of sequences in genetics ) It is important (but often hard) to differentiate between paralogs and orthologs in biological research. Experiments on human gene ...
... close in sequence and come into contact with one another. Thus, crossover may occur between Alu repeats on the same chromatid, or between similar sequences on two completely different chromosomes. These processes are called unbalanced recombination. Unbalanced recombination is fairly rare compared to ...
... genome sequence to be released 1998 The first genome sequnce for a multicellular eukaryote, C. elegans is released 2001 First draft sequences of the human genome are released simultaneously by the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics . 2003 ( 14 April ) Successful completion of ...
... contains molecules of a large glycoprotein called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These proteins have configurations and amino acid sequences that are unique to every individual. T cells, a group that encompasses cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( CTLs ), the cells that kill virally-infected cells, ...
... . This includes the biosynthesis of complex organic molecules ( anabolism ) and their breakdown ( catabolism ). Metabolism usually consists of sequences of enzymatic steps, also called metabolic pathways . The total metabolism are all biochemical processes of an organism. The cell metabolism ...
... microbes found at South Pole Citat: ... to survive the large doses of ultraviolet radiation, extreme cold and ... microbes have DNA sequences similar to a category of bacteria known as ... BBCNews: 16 January, 2002, Tough bugs point to life on Mars Citat: ... research ...
... matrilineal transmission of mitochondrial DNA, scientists in population genetics and evolutionary biology often use data from mitochondrial DNA sequences to draw conclusions about genealogy and evolution . See: mitochondrial Eve . Recent studies have, however, cast doubt on this hypothesis. ...
... matrilineal transmission of mitochondrial DNA, scientists in population genetics and evolutionary biology often use data from mitochondrial DNA sequences to draw conclusions about genealogy and evolution . See: mitochondrial Eve . Recent studies have, however, cast doubt on this hypothesis. ...
... evolution is the process of the genetic material in populations of organisms changing over time. The genetic material consists of DNA , long sequences of nucleotides in each individual organism. Because most heritable changes in visible traits are a result of changes in the DNA, molecular ...
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