response

Vaccine

...roteins and toxins that reliably provoke an immune response Subunit - rather than introducing a whole inacti...mune system, a fragment of it can create an immune response Recombinant Vector - by combining the physiology of one micro-organism and the DNA of the other, i...

Transmembrane receptor

...f the membrane, transmembrane receptors initiate a response on the other side. In this way they play a unique and important role in cellular communications and signal transduction . Many transmembrane receptors are composed of two or more protein subunits which operate collectively and may dissociate ...

T cell

...lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response . The abbreviation "T" stands for thymus , the or...T cells secrete cytokines that turn off the immune response once an antigen has been eliminated from the body. Every effective immune response involves T ce...

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

...de tryptophan available by prescription only, in response to an outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome ...n to ban it as an over-the-counter nutrient. As a response to this ban, health supplement producers decided to market 5-HTP in its place. Recently however, as...

Signal transduction

...tosis of neurotransmitters . Cellular immune response . Research questions When considering signal transduction pathways and networks, outstanding questions researchers are addressing include: Why do so many different signal transduction pathways share common chemicals? How does the cell kee...

Semen

...ndin hormones are involved in supressing an immune response by the female against the foreign semen. Semen ...e antibody was inactive, pointing to a suppression response by the immune system . Further research, such as that by S. Mathur and J.M. Goust, demonstrated tha...

Pseudopod

...onsible for phagocytosis, by rapidly retracting in response to physical contacts. Reticulopodia , also known as reticulose pseudopods , are complex formations where individual pseudopods are blended together and form irregular nets....

Protein

... more functions filled by proteins include immune response and the storage and transport of various ligands...tein is slightly different, and some may trigger a response from the immune system while others are perfectly safe. Many people are allergic to casein , the pr...

Promoter

...cular level, though the symptoms exhibited and the response to treatment might be identical. How diseases respond differently to treatment as a result of differences in the underlying molecular origins is partially addressed by the discipline of pharmacogenomics . Asthma population genetics study: H...

Olfaction

... odor-specific electrical signals called spikes in response to odour. They process these signals from the sensory neurons in the antennal lobe followed by the mushroom bodies and lateral horn of the brain. The antennae have the sensory neurons in the sensilla and they have their axons terminating in th...

Nutrition

...oitre , scurvy, osteoporosis , poor immune system response (and indirectly some forms of cancers), disorders of cell metabolism, premature aging etc., poor psychological health, including eating disorders. Imbalances in omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids is thought to be related to autism and some attentio...

Muscle

...ntrol Efferent leg Vertebrates move muscles in response to voluntary and autonomic signals from the brain . Deep muscles, superficial muscles, muscles of the face and internal muscles all correspond with dedicated regions in the brain. In addition, muscles react to reflexive nerve stimuli that do ...

Magnetic resonance imaging

...genated hemoglobin reduces MR signal, the vascular response leads to a signal increase that is related to the neural activity. The precise nature of the relationship between neural activity and the BOLD signal is a subject of current research. The BOLD effect also allows for the generation of high resolution ...

Monoclonal antibody

...lls specific antigen and induce an immunological response on the target cancer cell. Such mAb could also be modificated for delivery of a toxin , radioisotope , cytokine or other active conjugate; it is also possible to design bispecific antibodies that can bind with their Fab regions both to target an...

Memory B cell

... they never become directly involved in the immune response to foreign objects in a living body. If a pathogen the body has already encountered invades, memory B cells can recognize the pathogen and start to divide. Quickly, they form a new generation of cells, and memory cells. The new generation kills of...

Memory

...l/Recall (calling back the stored information in response to some cue for use in some process or activity) Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Classification by duration 2 Classification by information type 3 Classification by temporal direction 4 Memory disorders 5 The phys...

Major histocompatibility complex

...peptides. Foreign peptides that provoke an immune response are termed antigens . Interestingly, the immune ... should appropriately ignore. A full-force immune response usually requires the activation of B cells via BCRs and T cells via the Mhc -TCR interaction. Th...

Ion channel

...the transmembrane potential and open or close in response to depolarization or hyperpolarization , respec...ptic endings . Ligand-gated channels open in response to a specific ligand molecule on the external face of the membrane in which the channel resides. E...

Insulin

... which increase insulin release from beta cells in response to a particular blood glucose level) external insulin (usually injected subcutaneously) Diseases and syndromes caused by an insulin disturbance There are several conditions in which insulin disturbance is pathologic: diabetes mellitus &n...

Immunology

...s of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response (examples include chronic granulomatous disease ), and autoimmunity , in which the immune system attacks its own antigens (examples include systemic lupus erythematosus , rheumatoid arthritis , Hashimoto's disease and myasthenia gravis ). Othe...

Immune system

...f the organism. Adaptive immunity , in which the response to pathogens changes during the lifetime of an ind...an antigen that would not normally raise an immune response is artificially introduced into a host. With the adjuvant, the response is much more robust. Histori...

Homeostasis

...ore carbon dioxide. In positive feedback , the response is to amplify the change in the variable. This has a de-stabilizing effect, so does not result in homeostasis. Positive feedback is less common in naturally occurring systems than negative feedback, but it has its applications. For example, in ne...

Helper T cell

...and can be called upon during the secondary immune response . Most T H cells have present on the cell surface the protein CD4 , which is attracted to portions of the Class II MHC molecule. This affinity keeps the T H cell and the target cell bound closely together during antigen-specific activation. T H ...

Genetics

...builds on population genetics, aims to predict the response to selection given data on the phenotype and relationships of individuals. A more recent development of quantitative genetics is the analysis of quantitative trait loci . Traits that are under the influence of a large number of genes are known...

Gene therapy

...t people treated with AAV will not build an immune response to remove the virus and the cells that have been successfully treated with it. Several trials with AAV are on-going or in preparation, mainly trying to treat muscle and eye diseases, the two tissues where the virus seems particularly useful. Prob...

Evolutionary developmental biology

...Evolutionary developmental biology has arisen as a response to these growing trends. Development and the origin of novelty One of the more surprising and perhaps, counter-intuitive, results of such research in evolutionary developmental biology done in this period, is that both the diversity of body plans...

Evolution

...tion of specific beneficial heritable variation in response to environmental signals. If this is shown to be t..., particularly among American Protestants . In response to the wide scientific acceptance of the theory of evolution, many religions have formally or inform...

Bacterium

... vanadium or boron are needed. Based on their response to oxygen, most bacteria can be placed into one of three groups: Some bacteria can grow only in the presence of oxygen and are called aerobes ; others can grow only in the absence of oxygen and are called anaerobes ; and some can grow in the presen...

Diabetes mellitus

... is produced by beta cells in the pancreas in response to rising levels of glucose in the blood, as occurs after a meal. Insulin makes it possible for most body tissues to remove glucose from the blood for use as fuel, for conversion to other needed molecules, or for storage. Insulin is also the principa...

Cancer

... all tissues and under many circumstances, such as response to injury, immune responses, or to replace cells t...lly reversible. Hyperplasia can be a normal tissue response to an irritating stimulus. For example, a callus that may form on your hand when you first learn to ...

Brain

...nformation or actual threats can trigger an alert response that can exert control over cognitive priorities. History Ancient Greeks held differing views on the function of the brain. Hippocrates believed the brain to be the seat of intelligence, but Aristotle held that the brain was a cooling mec...

Bone

...s mechano-sensory receptors - regulating the bones response to stress. If osteoblasts can be described as bone forming cells, osteoclasts role is the reverse: its destruction. These are large, multinucleated cells located on bone surface in Howship's lacunae . Bone matrix Bones consist of living anima...

Biomechanics

...unique material properties. The passive mechanical response of a particular tissue can be attributed to the va...esearch in the field of growth and remodeling as a response to applied loads. For example, the effects of elevated blood pressure on the mechanics of the arteri...

Bacterium

... vanadium or boron are needed. Based on their response to oxygen, most bacteria can be placed into one of three groups: Some bacteria can grow only in the presence of oxygen and are called aerobes ; others can grow only in the absence of oxygen and are called anaerobes ; and some can grow in the presen...

B cell

...tes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response ).The abbreviation "B" stands for the bursa of Fabricius which is an organ unique to birds, where B...

Arabidopsis

...ed, far red and infrared light. While gravitropic response of Arabidopsis root organs is the predominant tr...tropic action have shown both negative phototropic response to blue or white light, and positive phototropic response to red light. The photosensitive pigments ...

Apoptosis

...n orderly manner without eliciting an inflammatory response [5] , [6] . In studies on mouse embryos lackin... from inside the cell ( intrinsic inducers) are a response to stress, such as nutrient deprivation or DNA damage, as explained by Chiarugi and Moskowitz in the...

Antigen

...Immunogen - Any substance that provokes an immune response (provokes immunity) when introduced into the body....polysaccharide). Its ability to provoke the immune response depends on its foreignness to the host, molecular size, chemical composition and heterogeneity (e.g....

Antibody

....5 IgE 4 Function 4.1 The humoral immune response 5 Medical applications 6 Biochemical appl...anisms respond to antigens. The humoral immune response When a macrophage ingests a pathogen , it attaches parts of its proteins to a class II MHC p...

Allostery

...losteric if its activity or efficiency changes in response to the binding of an effector molecule at a so-called allosteric site . Changes that enhance activity are referred to as allosteric activation , while the opposite is called allosteric inhibition . "Allostery" is derived from the Greek "othe...

Allostery

...losteric if its activity or efficiency changes in response to the binding of an effector molecule at a so-called allosteric site . Changes that enhance activity are referred to as allosteric activation , while the opposite is called allosteric inhibition . "Allostery" is derived from the Greek "othe...