Protons in Biological Definition

Mitochondrion

... the transfer use the released energy to pump protons (H + ) against a gradient (the concentration of protons in the intermembrane space is higher than that in ... transport system (energy requiring) pumps the protons against their physical tendency (in the "wrong" ...

Mitochondrion

... the transfer use the released energy to pump protons (H + ) against a gradient (the concentration of protons in the intermembrane space is higher than that in ... transport system (energy requiring) pumps the protons against their physical tendency (in the "wrong" ...

Proton pump

... membrane protein that is capable of moving protons across the membrane of a cell , ... of protons. For example, the translocation of protons by cytochrome c oxidase is powered by reducing ... of chloroplasts, in contrast, usually conduct protons from high to low concentration across the ...

Flagellum

... . The engine is powered by proton motive force , i.e., by the flow of protons (i.e., hydrogen ions ) across the bacterial cell membrane due to a ... a sodium ion pump, rather than a proton pump ). The rotor transports protons across the membrane, and is turned in the process. The rotor by itself can ...

Oxidative phosphorylation

... complex called ATP synthase is embedded in that membrane and enables protons to pass through in both directions; it generates ATP when the proton ... and it costs ATP to pump a proton against (up) the gradient. Because protons have already been pumped into the intermembrane space against the ...

ATP synthase

... of a cylinder of 6 subunits , alternating alpha and beta subunits, that form a ring around an asymmetrical gamma subunit. Facilitated diffusion of protons causes the F O particle to rotate, rotating the gamma subunit of F 1 , while the major F 1 subunits are fixed in place. This rotation forces a ...

ATPase

... motion bonds ADP and P together to create ATP. ATP synthetase can also function in reverse; that is, use energy released by ATP hydrolysis to pump protons against their thermodynamic gradient. External links "ATP synthase - a splendid molecular machine" ...

Ion gradient

... generation, NADPH synthesis and ATP synthesis/hydrolysis. Some archaea , most notably halobacteria , make proton gradients by pumping in protons from the environment with the help of the solar driven enzyme bacteriorhodopsin , here it is used for driving the molecular motor enzyme ATP ...

Electron transfer chain

... to create ATP . Complex IV is the terminus of the electron transfer chain , where oxygen from the lungs is reduced by electrons and hydrogen protons (provided by NADH and/or FADH2 ) to make water . Cytochrome c Cytochrome c is also an essential part of the electron transfer chain ...

Enzyme

... can digest proteins Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase : participates in the electron transfer chain by reducing cytochrome c and pumping protons across the membrane Cytochrome c oxidase : endpoint of the electron transfer chain, where oxygen is reduced to water Cytochrome c peroxidase ...

Photosynthesis

... to be used to demonstrate the chemiosmotic theory: light hit the membranes and the pH of the solution that contain the purple membranes dropped as protons were pumping out of the membranes! The ATP and NADPH produced by photosynthesis drive a variety of other biochemical processes. In plants, the ...

Intermembrane space

... TOM and TIM in mitochondria and TOC and TIC in chloroplasts . It tends to have a low pH because of the proton gradient which results when protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during electron transport . The structures responsible for this are ...

Photosynthesis

... to be used to demonstrate the chemiosmotic theory: light hit the membranes and the pH of the solution that contain the purple membranes dropped as protons were pumping out of the membranes! The ATP and NADPH produced by photosynthesis drive a variety of other biochemical processes. In plants, the ...

Vacuole

... enzymes , inorganic ions (such as calcium ) and other substances, like toxic byproducts which are hence removed from the cytosol. By letting protons in, it helps in keeping the cell's pH stable, while making its interior more acidic which is necessary for the degradative enzymes. Even though ...