Proton in Biological Definition

ATP synthase

... of ATP cause it to create a transmembrane proton gradient , this is used by fermenting bacteria ... transport chain, and hydrolyze ATP to make a proton gradient, which they use for flagella and ... chloroplast electron transfer chain proton pump transmembrane ATPase External ...

Chemiosmotic hypothesis

... the energy of NADH and FADH 2 to create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane and that this energy was used by a reversible proton pump , the ATP synthase , to create ATP . This ... intermediate was ever found, and the evidence for proton pumping by the complexes of the electron ...

Ion gradient

... in biological systems, the most common one is the proton gradient. Transmembrane ATPases or transmembrane ... ion gradient and a potassium ion gradient. proton gradients The proton gradient can be used as an intermediate energy ...

Electron transfer chain

... of energized electrons into a cross-membrane proton gradient. This proton motive force created by the ETC is used to power ... or heme moieties. Complexes I, III, and IV are proton pumps . Complex II is part of the Krebs cycle ...

Oxidative phosphorylation

... ) to pump H + across the membrane against a proton gradient . A large protein complex called ... in both directions; it generates ATP when the proton moves with (down) the gradient, and it costs ATP to pump a proton against (up) the gradient. Because protons have ...

Proton pump

... A proton pump is an integral membrane protein that is ... reduced cytochrome c . In the plasma membrane proton ATPase and in the ATPase proton pumps of other cellular membranes, ATP itself ...

ATPase

... is an anabolic enzyme that harnesses the energy of a transmembrane proton gradient as an energy source for adding an inorganic phosphate group to ... form a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This enzyme works when a proton moves down the concentration gradient, giving the enzyme a spinning ....

Flagellum

... anchor point on the inner cell membrane . The engine is powered by proton motive force , i.e., by the flow of protons (i.e., hydrogen ions ) ... (in Vibrio species the motor is a sodium ion pump, rather than a proton pump ). The rotor transports protons across the membrane, and is turned in ...

Proton-motive force

... step. This can be described as the storing of energy as a combination of a proton and voltage gradient across a plasma membrane . In eukaryotes the ... is utilized in the synthesis of ATP via ATP Synthase . In plants, the proton Motive Force also exists in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast ...

Intermembrane space

... translocases . These are known as TOM and TIM in mitochondria and TOC and TIC in chloroplasts . It tends to have a low pH because of the proton gradient which results when protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during electron transport . The ...

Light-dependent reaction

... water (or some other donor molecule) to an acceptor called NADP + , reducing it to the form of NADPH by adding a pair of electrons and a single proton (hydrogen nucleus). The water or some other donor molecule is split in the process; it is the light reaction which produces waste oxygen. The light ...

Mitochondrion

... requiring) pumps the protons against their physical tendency (in the "wrong" direction) from the matrix into the intermembrane space. As the proton concentration increases in the intermembrane space, a strong diffusion gradient is built up. The only exit for these protons is through the ATP ...

Mitochondrion

... requiring) pumps the protons against their physical tendency (in the "wrong" direction) from the matrix into the intermembrane space. As the proton concentration increases in the intermembrane space, a strong diffusion gradient is built up. The only exit for these protons is through the ATP ...

Nucleon

... Nucleon is the common name used in nuclear chemistry to refer to a neutron or a proton , the components of an atom 's nucleus . The total number of nucleons in an atom is the mass number on the atom, as nucleons each have a mass ...

Redox

... steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ), which then contributes to the creation of a proton gradient , which drives the synthesis of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is maintained by the reduction of oxygen. In animal cells, ...

Light-dependent reaction

... water (or some other donor molecule) to an acceptor called NADP + , reducing it to the form of NADPH by adding a pair of electrons and a single proton (hydrogen nucleus). The water or some other donor molecule is split in the process; it is the light reaction which produces waste oxygen. The light ...

Primary nutritional groups

... and acceptors for chemotrophs is limited to those whose reaction is exergonic enough to conserve enough energy for the transition of at least one proton over a membrane (equals to -15 to -20 kJ/mol). In contrast, phototrophs may use any electron donor and can even catalyse highly endergonic ...

Redox

... steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ), which then contributes to the creation of a proton gradient , which drives the synthesis of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is maintained by the reduction of oxygen. In animal cells, ...