plant

Xylem

...age for the flow of water. Vessel elements form in plant parts that no longer elongate. Vessel elements are usually wider, shorter, thinner walled, and less tapered than tracheids . They are aligned end to end, forming long micropipes, the vessels of xylem. The end walls of vessel elements are perforated,...

Vacuole

...1965). Vacuoles are especially conspicuous in most plant cells. Vacuoles are typically filled with a liqu...e") 1 Vacuoles in protists 2 Vacuoles in plant cells: the central vacuole 3 Vacuoles in budding yeast cells 4 References Vacuoles i...

Turgor

...t to solutes. A biological cell , for example a plant cell, contains ions , sugars , amino acids , a...tside), causing it to expand. The cell wall of a plant cell restricts the expansion, causing the cell to press against the wall. The resulting pressure is ...

Tobacco mosaic virus

...crop losses. It is known to infect members of nine plant families, and at least 125 individual species, including tobacco, tomato, pepper, cucumbers, and a number of ornamental flowers. There are many different strains. External links Electron microscope image of TMV Several EM images and sche...

Tobacco mosaic virus

...crop losses. It is known to infect members of nine plant families, and at least 125 individual species, including tobacco, tomato, pepper, cucumbers, and a number of ornamental flowers. There are many different strains. External links Electron microscope image of TMV Several EM images and sche...

Stoma

... or pore , found mostly on the undersurface of a plant leaf , and used for gas exchange. Air containing carbon dioxide and oxygen enters the plant through these openings where it gets used in photosynthesis and respiration . Waste oxygen prod...

Signal transduction

...he cells or tissues within an individual animal or plant are known as " hormones ." Hormone-initiated signa...s. The ryanodine-receptor is named after the plant alkaloid ryanodine . It is similar to the InsP 3 receptor and stimulated to transport Ca 2+ ...

Sewall Wright

...gized natural selection to processes in animal and plant breeding, and his work on population genetics theo...rk on use of quantitative genetics in animal and plant breeding. He was born in Galesburg, Illinois . He took a doctorate under William E. Castle at ...

Secondary metabolite

...ocaine , present in Erythroxylon coca the Coca plant Class Terpenoids : Azadirachtin A, present in Azadirachta indica , Neem tree Artemisinin , present in Artemisia annua Chinese wormwood Class Aliphatic , Aromatic and Heteroaromatic organic acids: Class Polyketides...

Protein

...d some grains are some of the richest sources of plant protein. All eight essential amino acids must be part of one diet in order to survive and are needed in a fixed ratio. A shortage on any one of these amino acids will constrain the body's ability to make the proteins it needs to function. Differen...

Population genetics

...genotype space and the biometric theory used in plant and animal breeding , operating in phenotype space. The missing part is the mapping between the genotype and phenotype space. This leads to a "sleight of hand" (as Lewontin terms it) whereby variables in the equations of one domain, are considered...

Plasmolysis

...he vacuole collapsing. Plasmolysis occurs when a plant cell's membrane shrinks away from its cell wall. T...olysis is induced in the laboratory by immersing a plant cell in a strongly saline (salty) or sugary solution , so that water is lost by osmosis . If on...

Plant

...nt" with a single taxon is doomed to fail, because plant is a vaguely defined concept unrelated to the pres...and carbon dioxide to synthesize food. About 300 plant species do not photosynthesize but are parasites on other species of photosynthetic plants. Plants...

Plant physiology

In botany , plant physiology is the study of the function, or phys..., respiration and transpiration are studied by plant physiologists. It is closely related to biochemistry and molecular biology . External links ...

Plant

...nt" with a single taxon is doomed to fail, because plant is a vaguely defined concept unrelated to the pres...and carbon dioxide to synthesize food. About 300 plant species do not photosynthesize but are parasites on other species of photosynthetic plants. Plants...

Pigment

... pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. Some biological material has so-called structural color, which is the result of selective reflection or iridescence , usually done with multilayer structures. Unlike structural color, pi...

Physiology

... Physiology has traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology but the princi...l traits affect the ecology of a given animal or plant and vice-versa. Genetics is not the only factor that affects the physiology of animals and plants....

Photosynthesis

...led chloroplasts . Although all green parts of a plant have chloroplasts, most of the energy is produced ...y measuring the mass of the soil in the pot of a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew, discovered that, with the soil mass changed very little, the m...

Phosphorylation

...by photophosphorylation in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Phosphorylation of sugars is often the stage of their catabolism . It allows cells to accumulate sugars because the phosphate group prevents the molecules from diffusing back across their transporter....

Phloem

...o sugar sink s. A sugar source is any part of the plant that is producing or releasing sugar. During the plant's growth period, usually during the spring, storage organs such as the roots are sugar sources, and the plant's many growing areas are sugar sinks. The movement in phloem is bidirectional, wher...

Osmosis

...gh solute concentration, bursting the cell. Many plant cells do not burst in the same experiment. This is..., osmotic pressure is the main cause of support in plant leaves. When a plant cell is placed in a solution higher in solutes than inside the cell osmosis o...

Nutrition

...wn and unknown nutrient needs. Provided there is plant food variety, quality and quantity, a healthful an...e in the food pyramid ? Does an increase in the plant content of our diet reduce the risk of developing some chronic illnesses? Conversely, is it true tha...

Neurospora crassa

...-tropical regions. It can be found growing on dead plant matter after fires. External links The Neurospora Homepage...

Mycology

... closely related to phytopathology : the study of plant diseases. Historically, mycology was a branch of Botany (despite fungi not being plants and being evolutionarily more closely related to animals than plants). Pioneer mycologists were Elias Magnus Fries , Christian Hendrik Persoon , and Anto...

Muscle

...in the human body myotomy sphincter Rapid plant movement...

Marine biology

Marine biology is the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems . Given that i.... The intertidal zone is also a good place to find plant life in the sea, where mangroves or cordgrass might grow. Other sea life Cnidarias such as Je...

Malaria

...the discomfort of insect bites. Extracts from the plant Artemisia (specifically Artemisia annua ), containing the compound artemisinin , a substance unrelated to the quinine derivatives, offer some future promise. Prospects of disease control Vaccines for malaria are under development, with no com...

Leaf

This article is about the leaf , a plant organ. See Leaf (disambiguation) for other mean...ngs. In botany , a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis . For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin, to e...

Konrad Lorenz

...that was formed to prevent the building of a power plant at the Danube near Hainburg and thus the destruction of the yet untouched woodland surrounding the planned site. Bibliography (Note: list does not include scientific papers) " King Solomon's Ring " ( 1952 ) "Man Meets Dog " ( 1954 ) "Ev...

Isozyme

...rude protein extract is made by grinding animal or plant tissue with an extraction buffer, and the componen... Weeden. 1990. Visualisation and interpretation of plant isozymes. Pp. 5-45 in D. E. Soltis and P. S. Soltis, eds. Isozymes in plant biology. Chapman and Hal...

Interphase

...area of rapid cell division such as the tip of a plant root , 90 per cent of cells are in interphase. Some cells, such as nerve cells, can stay in interphase for decades. The cell grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles. There are 3 parts of interphase: G 1 (growth 1 in which the cell creates ...

Immune system

... organisms that lack adaptive immunity such as the plant Arabidopsis thaliana , the fly Drosophila melanogaster , and the worm Caenorhabditis elegans . Recent advances have been made in the field of innate immunology with the discovery of the toll-like receptors , which are the receptors in mamm...

Hormone

...onadotrophin. See also endocrine system plant hormones or plant growth regulators autocrine signalling paracrine signalling...

Homunculus

...e of the mandrake . Popular belief held that this plant grew where the semen sometimes ejaculated by hanged men during the last convulsive spasms before death fell to the ground, and its roots vaguley resemble a human form to varying degrees. The root was to be picked before dawn on a Friday morning by a ...

Photosynthesis

...led chloroplasts . Although all green parts of a plant have chloroplasts, most of the energy is produced ...y measuring the mass of the soil in the pot of a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew, discovered that, with the soil mass changed very little, the m...

Herbivore

...pecially in the temperate zones , where different plant foods are most available at different times of year. Here is a list below that includes animals that are unable to chew or digest animal matter. Animals that are true herbivores Bovids Horses (including all members of the horse family such ...

Ploidy

...a type of polyploidy , is not uncommon in healthy plant species. Euploidy , or the euploid number is the normal number of chromosomes within a cell for a species, for example the euploid number of chromosomes in a human cell is 46. Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Haploid 2 Dip...

Genome project

...ing being or of a species (be it an animal , a plant , a fungus , a bacterium , an archaean , a protist or a virus ), that is, the complete set of genes caried by this living being or virus.The Human Genome Project was such a project.Some have argued that the era of genomics is one of the mor...

Fungus

...parasitize plants grow haustoria that pierce the plant cells and digest substances on the inside; some soil-dwelling fungi actually trap roundworms and other small animals. Most chytrids, which are generally considered the most primitive group of fungi, do not form hyphae and instead grow directly fro...

Bacterium

...arita ). They generally have cell walls , like plant and fungal cells , but with a very different c... which is one of the most abundant constituents of plant tissues, is mainly brought about by aerobic bacteria that belong to the genus Cytophaga . This abi...

Epidermis

... cells covering the leaves and young parts of a plant is the epidermis . In vertebrates , epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin . In invertebrates , the outermost layer of cells of the organism. Etymology : 17th Century, via Late Latin from Greek , from epi- (upon) and derma (ski...

Enzyme

...cretions and the conversion of starch to sugars by plant extracts and saliva were observed. Studying the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast, Louis Pasteur came to the conclusion that this fermentation was catalyzed by " ferments " in the yeast.In 1897 , yeast extracts were used to ferment suga...

Endosymbiont

... the aphid cannot acquire from its natural diet of plant sap. The evidence is (1) when aphids' endosymbion...sing antibiotics, they appear healthier when their plant sap diet is supplemented with the appropriate amino acids , and (2) after the Buchnera genome w...

Endosymbiont

... the aphid cannot acquire from its natural diet of plant sap. The evidence is (1) when aphids' endosymbion...sing antibiotics, they appear healthier when their plant sap diet is supplemented with the appropriate amino acids , and (2) after the Buchnera genome w...

Embryo

...46;ρυον ) is an animal or a plant in its earliest stage of development . Plants : In botany , a plant embryo is part of a seed , consisting of precursor tissues for the leaves, stem (see hypocotyl...

Drosophila

... "Some feed on other decaying organic matter or on plant exudations; a few are leaf miners, parasites, or predators." (Swan, 1972) Reproduction Drosophila melanogaster egg "The female fruit fly lays batches of between 15 and 20 white eggs each day." (Burton) A female lays up to 2000 pearly w...

Drug

...s "dry", since in the past, most drugs were dried plant parts. Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Terminology 2 Efficacy 3 Distribution 3.1 Licensed distribution 3.2 Illegal distribution 4 Classification 5 Regulations 6 UN documents 7 See also 8 Ext...

Ploidy

...a type of polyploidy , is not uncommon in healthy plant species. Euploidy , or the euploid number is the normal number of chromosomes within a cell for a species, for example the euploid number of chromosomes in a human cell is 46. Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Haploid 2 Dip...

Colchicine

...lchicine is also used for inducing polyploidy in plant cells during cellular division. External links Feature on colchicine Pharmacology of colchicine...

Classical genetics

... are still used today, especially in breeding for plant improvement . After the discovery of the genetic code and such tools of cloning as restriction enzymes , the avenues of investigation open to geneticists were greatly broadened. Some classical genetic ideas have been supplanted with the mechani...

Chromatography

...ll . He used liquid-adsorption columns to separate plant pigments . The method was described on December 3...ed from Russian as color and to the color of the plant pigments he was separating at that time. In 1952 Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurenc...

Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae which conduct photosynthesis . Chloroplasts are similar to mitochondria but are found only in plants. Both organelles are surrounded by a double membrane with an intermembrane space; both have their own DNA and a...

Chlorophyll

...synthesis by destarching a leaf from a variegated plant and exposing it to light for several hours. (Variegated leaves have green areas that contain chlorophyll and white areas that have none.) When tested with iodine solution , a color change revealing the presence of starch occurs only in regions of th...

Cellulose

...nd Applications Cellulose is a common material in plant cell walls and was first noted as such in 1838. ...ignin and any hemicellulose , it is found in all plant material. Cellulose is the most abundant form of living terrestrial biomass (Crawford, R. L. 1981. L...

Cell growth

...endocytosis ( frogs ). Increases in the size of plant cells is complicated by the fact that almost all plant cells are inside of a solid cell wall . Under the influence of certain plant hormones the cell wall...

Crassulacean acid metabolism

...sert (for example, cactus). It is named after the plant family it was first discovered in, the crassulaceae . Synopsis Plants that are adapted to drier climates are called xerophytes . Some of these plants have adapted small, thick leaves with a reduced surface area . They may also have a thicke...

C4 carbon fixation

...which organic material and energy is lost from the plant due to high concentrations of oxygen. It is called "C 4 " because the product, oxaloacetate, contains four carbon atoms. It occurs in the mesophyll of the leaf , specifically in the mesophyll cells and the bundle sheath cells. The chemical equat...

Crassulacean acid metabolism

...sert (for example, cactus). It is named after the plant family it was first discovered in, the crassulaceae . Synopsis Plants that are adapted to drier climates are called xerophytes . Some of these plants have adapted small, thick leaves with a reduced surface area . They may also have a thicke...

Botany

Botany is the scientific study of plant life . As a branch of biology , it is also sometimes referred to as plant science(s) or plant biology . Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study the ...

Biotechnology

...l agriculture. An example of this would include a plant engineered to express a pesticide , thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. The term blue biotechnology has also been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively r...