Apoptosis
... from acute tissue injury, apoptosis is carried
out in an ordered process that generally confers ... hijacking of the cell's genetic system carried
out by human papillomaviruses (HPV), a gene called ... Thibert et al. )
Research like the one carried
out by Thibert and her colleagues has begun to ...
Charles Darwin
... in classics, maths and physics, coming 10th
out of a pass list of 178.
Although he had gained ... findings to date on Darwin's fossils, pointing
out the inference that extinct species were related ... yet unmarried Emma , and his uncle Jos pointed
out an area of ground where cinders had disappeared ...
Dialysis
... passed through a tube into a machine that filters
out waste products. The cleansed blood is then ... patient's abdomen, running from the peritoneum
out to the surface, near the navel . This is done as ... and therefore the amount of water that diffuses
out of the bloodstream. Common strengths of glucose ...
DNA
... and the transferred S characteristics turned
out to be heritable.
In 1944 , the renowned ... plan" and also how that plan was carried
out through the "builder's craft." Francis Crick , ... et al., took up the physicist's challenge to work
out the structure of the chromosomes and the question ...
Eugenics
...
Galton's theory, which he first sketched
out in his 1865 article "Hereditary Talent and ... to the more ghastly experiments carried
out by Josef Mengele for Otmar von Verschuer on ... counseling , a career change which initially grew
out of his eugenic interests (promoting "healthy ...
Experimental evolution
... what brought about the adaptations and to find
out how exactly these mutations work. Because of the ... evolution experiments are typically carried
out with microorganisms such as bacteria or ... human history
Unwittingly, humans have carried
out evolution experiments for as long as they have ...
Extinction
... to a new environment where it can do so, dies
out and becomes extinct. Extinction of a species may ... when an otherwise healthy species is wiped
out completely, as when toxic pollution renders its ... of years, such as when a species gradually loses
out competition for food to newer, better adapted ...
Photosynthesis
... purple membranes dropped as protons were pumping
out of the membranes!
The ATP and NADPH produced by ... and burned a candle in it, the candle would burn
out very quickly, much before it ran
out of wax. He further discovered that a mouse could ...
Kidney
...
Due to pressure, fluid in the blood is forced
out of the glomerulus, through these three layers and ... renal pelvis accepts the urine and channels it
out of the hilus into the ureter .
ureter : A ... 4 mm in diameter. Passing from the renal pelvis
out of the hilus and down to the bladder . The ...
Lung
... As a result, air is sucked into and pushed
out of the lungs through the trachea and the bronchial tubes or bronchi; these branch
out and end in alveoli which are tiny sacs ... used in medicine in arterial blood
filter
out small blood clots formed in the systemic veins
...
Nutrition
... a narrowly focussed diet, even if that diet sets
out to avoid dangerous foodstuffs such as saturated ... scurvy; there was a veritable plague. It turned
out that the vast majority of sufferers were being ... However, the holistic model of nutrition points
out that for example high energy needs can be met in ...
Parthenogenesis
... lineage is more likely to be completely wiped
out by it. In contrast, a lineage that reproduces ... when estrogen levels are high. Lizards that act
out the courtship ritual have greater fecundity ... may be due to the rare (perhaps only one mating
out of a million) actual fertilization of eggs by a ...
Photosynthesis
... purple membranes dropped as protons were pumping
out of the membranes!
The ATP and NADPH produced by ... and burned a candle in it, the candle would burn
out very quickly, much before it ran
out of wax. He further discovered that a mouse could ...
Rudolf Steiner
... cooperative forms of business, all working partly
out of Steiner’s social ideas. One example is ... to Steiner, a real spiritual world exists
out of which the material one gradually condensed, so ... results, i.e. the thoughts that crystallized
out of that process. He often said there was a ...
Sociobiology
... of their own kind, the altruists tend to die
out and the others tend to grow. In other words, ... still less a right wing one. They pointed
out that Wilson had personally adopted a number of ... this kind of research usually centers on pointing
out that these theories often include only those ...
Thermoregulation
... provide far more heat than the whole amount given
out by the body. Also it must be remembered that the ... and the lungs. The more air that passes in and
out of the lungs in a given time, the greater the ... from its burrow and later the entire body comes
out of its hiding place and basks in the sun to aborb ...
Vacuole
... contractile vacuole is used to pump excess water
out of the cell to reduce osmotic pressure and keep ... the tonoplast control the flow of water into and
out of the vacuole by active transport , pumping ions of potassium (K + ) into and
out of the interior liquid. Because of osmosis , ...
Y chromosome
... same time, chromosome pairs swap damaged genes
out and replace them with a copy of undamaged genes. ... Errors not caught by this technique are weeded
out over time through natural selection. Until ... a role in the ability of the Y chromosome to edit
out genetic mistakes and maintain the integrity of ...
Abiogenesis
... abiogenesis" for clarity) held that living organisms could be "born"
out of decaying organic substances, et cetera, which we now know does not ... in a series of stages from non-living matter. Such scientists pointed
out that the disproof of Aristotelian abiogenesis applied only to "known ...
Adenosine triphosphate
... each molecule of glucose. The terminal stages of ATP synthesis are carried
out in the mitochondrion and can generate up to 36 ATP.
ATP in the human ... a variety of enzymes , motor proteins , and transport proteins to carry
out the work of the cell. Also, the hydrolysis yields free inorganic ...
Alternative splicing
... other exons.
Intron retaining mode : in this case, instead of splicing
out an intron, the intron is retained in the mRNA transcript. However, the ... Exon cassette mode : in this case, certain exons are spliced
out to alter the sequence of amino acids in the expressed protein.
...
Antibiotic
... revealed a hitherto unknown level of chemical warfare being carried
out against bacteria. New antibiotics were rapidly discovered and came into ... to make animals grow faster. Opponents of this practice, however, point
out the likelihood that it also leads to antibiotic resistance, frequently in ...
Biodiversity
... monoculture following deforestation ). Before 1992, others pointed
out that no property rights or no access regulation of resources necessarily ... Sean Nee , writing in the 24 June 2004 edition of Nature , points
out that the vast majority of Earth's biodiversity is microbial, and that ...
Bone
... occupy is known as a lacuna. Osteocytes have many processes which reach
out to meet osteoblasts probably for the purposes of communication. Their ... main bone material. In the event of a broken bone, the cells are brought
out of semi- stasis to repair the matrix.
Matrix comprises the other major ...
Cryptozoology
... to have a real basis in biological fact. Cryptozoologists often point
out that natives often know a great deal more about their immediate ... to have been extinct for 300 million years. Cryptozoologists point these
out to demonstrate that there are many unexplored regions of the world left, ...
Diabetes mellitus
... considered to be above 300 mg/dl) water will be osmotically driven
out of cells into the blood. The kidneys will also be "dumping" glucose into ... that the body's cells may become directly affected as water is drawn
out from them. Electrolyte imbalances are also common. This combination of ...
Digital organism
... with each other and try to stop the opponent from executing . It turned
out that one of the winning strategies was to replicate as fast as ... did not observe the evolution of complex and stable programs. It turned
out that the programming language in which core world programs were written ...
Escherichia coli
... otherwise harmless E. coli can cause illness:
When the bacteria get
out of the intestinal tract and into the urinary tract , they can cause an ... in many cases the initiating event is unclear.
When the bacteria get
out of the intestinal tract through a perforation (= a hole or tear, which ...
Ebola
... of monkeys traded throughout the world for experimental purposes. Three
out of the four Japanese airlines that transport monkeys throughout the world ... impossible to detect very many trends that it causes. Ebola first appeared
out of nowhere in 1976 and disappeared until 1989 (Draper 6). It is ...
Warm-blooded
... the warm cold business has been studied in closer detail. It turns
out that the cold blooded animals all use behavioral means to adjust their ... to overheat they will go to the entrances to the nest and fan air in and
out of the nest to cool it. In winter if the nest becomes too cold, they will ...
Cell membrane
... permeable. This means that only some molecules can pass unhindered in or
out of the cell. These molecules are either small or lipophilic . Other molecules can pass in or
out of the cell, if there are specific transport molecules.
Depending on the ...
Gene therapy
... contains instructions to produce these viruses. The host cell will carry
out these intructions and produce the viruses. This is how viruses spread, in ... copy from an RNA molecule is termed reverse transcription . It is carried
out by one of the enzymes carried in the virus, called reverse transcriptase ....
Genetic fingerprinting
... known as the prosecutor's fallacy .
Nowadays, more testing is carried
out so that the theoretical risk of a coincidental match is 1 in 100 billion ... His DNA was tested on three occasions, never showing a match. It turned
out that he had surgically inserted a Penrose drain into his arm and filled ...
Genetics
... used and continue to use to perpetuate themselves. This definition grows
out of work on the origin of life , specifically the RNA world hypothesis .
... of large set of data.
Closely-related fields
The science which grew
out of the union of biochemistry and genetics is widely known as molecular ...
Human
... at around ten billion during the 21st century . As of 2004 , around 2.5
out of 6.3 billion people live in urban centers, and this is expected to ... evolved in Africa over 150,000 years ago; modern humans began to move
out of Africa less than 100,000 years ago. Australia was colonized 70,000 ...
Intron
... not encode part of the protein that the gene produces, and are spliced
out of the mRNA that is transcribed from the gene before it is exported ... actually ribozymes that are capable of catalyzing their own splicing
out of the primary RNA transcript. They remove themselves on their own.
The ...
Liver
...
Physiology
The various functions of the liver are carried
out by the liver cells or hepatocytes .
The liver produces and excretes ... on the donor, and indeed there have been at least two donor deaths
out of the first several hundred cases.
Analogous organs
Arthropods ...
Lipid
... the basis of cellular membranes.
Micelles and bilayers separate
out from the polar milieu by a process known as the "hydrophobic effect." When ... dissolved nonpolar molecule. However, when the nonpolar molecules separate
out from the polar liquid, the entropy (state of disorder) of the polar ...
Malaria
... red blood cells . There they multiply further, periodically breaking
out of the red blood cells. The classical description of waves of fever coming ... three or four days arises from simultaneous waves of merozoites breaking
out of red blood cells during the same day.
The parasite is relatively ...
Nephron
... and soluble substances (especially ions ) in the body by filtering it all
out first, reabsorbing what should be kept and excreting the rest. This is a ...
The distal tubule is similar to the proximal tubule. Salt is pumped
out and water follows by osmosis . After travelling through the distal ...