organic

Xylem

... as nitrate , although it can contain a number of organic chemicals as well. Mechanism Xylem sap always moves from the roots to the leaves . It travels by bulk flow , like water in a series of pipes, rather than by diffusion through cells. Two phenomena cause xylem sap to flow: The soil solution ...

Vitamin

Vitamins are organic chemicals that a given living organism requires i...itamins Different organisms need different trace organic substances. Most mammals need, with few exceptions, the same vitamins as humans. One notable exc...

Virus

.... Viruses form when molecules are assembled from organic compounds providing complex, microscopic structures which have the potential for self-assembly , and thusly they have large implications in the study of the origin of life . In the debate of whether viruses are alive or not, if the requirement for...

Vacuole

...ntenance of the hydrostatic pressure. Storage of organic compounds, proteins (in seeds), and inorganic ions (e.g., K + and Cl - ) and salts (e.g., salts of calcium). Separation of toxic byproducts from cell metabolism . Storage of pigments (e.g., red and blue pigments in flowers ). Protection of ...

Species

...ime, it was still widely believed that there is no organic connection between species, no matter how similar they appear; every species was individually created by God , a view today called creationism . This approach also suggested a type of idealism: the notion that each species exists as an "ideal form...

Semen

...al plasma of humans contains a complex range of organic and inorganic constituents. They include metal and salt ions , sugars , lipids , steroid hormones , enzymes , prostaglandin hormones, amino acids and basic amines . The purpose of the seminal plasma is to provide a nutritive and protec...

Secondary metabolite

...es , aliphatic , aromatic , and heteroaromatic organic acids , phenols , iridoids , steroids , saponin...Class Aliphatic , Aromatic and Heteroaromatic organic acids: Class Polyketides : Class Phenols : Resveratrol , present in Vine , Peanut...

Rudolf Steiner

...nd Free Spiritual Culture Steiner developed an organic style of architecture for the design and constr...rtly before he died in 1925. He conceived it as an organic extension and metamorphosis of the first building, inspiring and pre-dating architects such as Le C...

Respiration

... which is the use of oxygen in the metabolism of organic molecules. Physiological respiration , which exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the external environment....

Redox

...H 4 , LiAlH 4 ), these reagents are widely used in organic chemistry, primarily in the reduction of carbonyl... certain wavelengths of infrared light. In organic chemistry , stepwise oxidation of a hydrocarbon produces water and, successively, an alcohol , an ...

Pyrimidine

... Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound , which is similar to benzene and pyridine and that contains two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-membered ring. Three nucleobases found in nucleic acids , namely cytosine , thymine , and uracil , are pyrimidine d...

Purine

...N1 Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound , consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. The general term purines also refers to substituted purines and their tautomers . Two of the bases in nucleic acids , adenine and guanine , are purines. In DNA , th...

Protein

...rst element ) is a complex, high molecular weight organic compound that consists of amino acids joined by... as: "I propose to you the name 'protein' for the organic oxide of fibrin and albumin , which I have derived from [the Greek word] πρω`...

Prokaryote

...ample, in addition to using photosynthesis or an organic form of carbon for energy like eukaryotes do, prokaryotes may obtain energy from inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide. See also Monera - previously Prokaryota were a Kingdom with divisions of eubacteria and archaebacteria. nanoba...

Primary nutritional groups

...rganism is defined as heterotrophic when using organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and develo...ganism is defined as organotrophic when it uses organic compounds as source of electrons, whereas it is defined as lithotrophic when it inorganic compoun...

Plant

...ts and algae are the ultimate source of energy and organic material in nearly all habitats. These processes a... . Petrified wood is often heavily silicified (the organic material replaced by silicon dioxide ), and the impregnated tissue is often preserved in fine detai...

Plant

...ts and algae are the ultimate source of energy and organic material in nearly all habitats. These processes a... . Petrified wood is often heavily silicified (the organic material replaced by silicon dioxide ), and the impregnated tissue is often preserved in fine detai...

Pigment

...here are both natural and synthetic pigments, both organic and inorganic ones. Pigments work by selectively absorbing some parts of the visible spectrum (see light ) whilst reflecting others. A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble, and a dye , which is either a liquid, or is ...

Photosynthesis

... 2 O The glucose is variously used to form other organic compounds, such as the building material cellulose , or it may be used as a fuel. This takes place through respiration , found in both animals and plants. In general outline, this is the opposite of the above: glucose and other compounds react ...

Phloem

...ar plants , phloem is the tissue that carries organic nutrients, particularly sucrose . In trees , the phloem is part of the bark , hence the name, derived from the Greek word for "bark". See also xylem . Phloem sap moves from sugar source s to sugar sink s. A sugar source is any part of the ...

Redox

...H 4 , LiAlH 4 ), these reagents are widely used in organic chemistry, primarily in the reduction of carbonyl... certain wavelengths of infrared light. In organic chemistry , stepwise oxidation of a hydrocarbon produces water and, successively, an alcohol , an ...

Oswald Avery

...cs) them. Therefore if bacteria transform when an organic molecule is placed in liquid with them, then that ... . Substances were available to remove various organic compounds from bacteria, and if the remaining organic compounds were still able to cause R strain b...

Origin of life

...nt models of the origin of life 2.1 Origin of organic molecules: Miller and Wchtershuser's theories 2.2 From organic molecules to protocells 2.2.1 "Genes first" models: the RNA world 2.2.2 "Metabolism first" mo...

Nutrition

Nutrition is interpreted as the study of the organic process by which an organism assimilates and uses ... foods produced by use of these methods (see also organic farming )? Are the use of antibiotics and hormones in animal farming ethical and/or safe? S...

Natural selection

...ver opportunity offers, at the improvement of each organic being in relation to its organic and inorganic conditions of life. We see nothing of these slow changes in progress, until the hand o...

Mycology

...as well as their potency in breaking down complex organic biomolecules such as wood as well as xenobiotics are a critical step in the global carbon cycle . Fungi and other organisms traditionally recognized as fungal often are economically and socially important as they are responsible for diseases ...

Mitochondrion

...ts ", because their primary function is to convert organic materials into energy in the form of ATP . ...the primary function of mitochondria is to convert organic materials into cellular energy in the form of ATP , mitochondria play an important role in many imp...

Mitochondrion

...ts ", because their primary function is to convert organic materials into energy in the form of ATP . ...the primary function of mitochondria is to convert organic materials into cellular energy in the form of ATP , mitochondria play an important role in many imp...

Microbiology

... anaerobic fermentation, in which different simple organic molecules are produced. This gave rise to the science of industrial fermentation . In this way it is possible to produce different antibiotics, beer , vinegar and other substances. Bacterial genes have been inserted into other organisms as rep...

Metabolism

...lls . This includes the biosynthesis of complex organic molecules ( anabolism ) and their breakdown ( catabolism ). Metabolism usually consists of sequences of enzymatic steps, also called metabolic pathways . The total metabolism are all biochemical processes of an organism. The cell metabolism ...

Malaria

...ed for in the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which prohibits the agricultural use of DDT [5] for large-scale field spraying. DDT controversy Main article: DDT DDT was developed as the first of the modern insecticides early in World War II . It was initially used ...

Life

...ng the path that might have been taken from simple organic molecules to protocells and metabolism. Many of the possibilities have tended to fall into either " genes -first" or " metabolism -first"; a recent trend is the emergence of hybrid models that combine aspects of both. The possibility of extraterr...

Lichen

... purely mineral environment by producing their own organic compounds (see photosynthesis ). The fungus protects the alga against drying out and provides it with minerals obtained from the substratum. If a cyanobacterium is present this can fix nitrogen , complementing the activities of the green alga. ...

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

...rly vilified today. They note that he believed in organic evolution at a time when there was no theoretical framework to explain evolution. He also argued that function precedes form, an issue of some contention among evolutionary theorists at the time. On the other hand, the inheritance of acquired charact...

Photosynthesis

... 2 O The glucose is variously used to form other organic compounds, such as the building material cellulose , or it may be used as a fuel. This takes place through respiration , found in both animals and plants. In general outline, this is the opposite of the above: glucose and other compounds react ...

Heterotroph

...phe = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development. Contrast with autotrophs which use carbon dioxide as sole carbon source. All animals are heterotrophic, as well as fungi and many bacteria . Some parasitic plants have also turned fully...

Halobacteria

...onments where large amounts of salt, moisture, and organic material are available. Large blooms appear reddish, from the pigment bacteriorhodopsin . This pigment is used to absorb light, which provides energy to create ATP . The process is unrelated to other forms of photosynthesis involving electron ...

Fungus

...c , that is they get their energy by breaking down organic molecules, and cannot synthesize organic molecules from inorganic substances (as plants do). They feed by secreting exoenzymes into the s...

Flavin

...iboflavin Flavin is a tricyclic heteronuclear organic ring whose biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin . The flavin moiety is often conjugated with an adenosine diphosphate to form flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ), and in other circumstances, is found as flavin mononucleotide (or FMN...

Flavin

...iboflavin Flavin is a tricyclic heteronuclear organic ring whose biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin . The flavin moiety is often conjugated with an adenosine diphosphate to form flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ), and in other circumstances, is found as flavin mononucleotide (or FMN...

Eugenics

...as are the form and physical features of the whole organic world. Consequently, as it is easy, notwithstanding those limitations, to obtain by careful selection a permanent breed of dogs or horses gifted with peculiar powers of running, or of doing anything else, so it would be quite practicable to produce a...

Bacterium

...ferent metabolisms . Heterotrophs depend on an organic source of carbon, while autotrophs are able to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. Autotrophs that obtain energy by oxidizing chemical compou...

Epigenetics

...eformation or epigenesis? The basis of a theory of organic development". W. Heinemann: London, 1896 . Eva Jablonka and Marion J. Lamb. The Changing Concept of Epigenetics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 981:82-96 (2002). Joshua Lederberg , "The Meaning of Epigenetics", The Scientist 15 ...

Enzyme

...occur too slowly to sustain life ; oxidation of organic food compounds to provide energy, for instance. Enzymes may speed up biochemical reactions by a factor of one thousand times or more. They also provide a means to control the reaction rates by modulating enzymatic activity. Contents showTocTog...

Drosophila

...he peel of the fruit. "Some feed on other decaying organic matter or on plant exudations; a few are leaf miners, parasites, or predators." (Swan, 1972) Reproduction Drosophila melanogaster egg "The female fruit fly lays batches of between 15 and 20 white eggs each day." (Burton) A female lays ...

Digestion

...them. Fungi also are very effective at digesting organic material....

Common descent

...ns from the Conclusion : "[P]robably all of the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed." "The whole history of the world, as at present known, ... will hereafter be recognised as a mere fragment of time, compar...

Collagen

...heals by repair. It is found in tendons and the organic part of bone . Type II collagen - Articular cartilage Type III collagen - This is the collagen of granulation tissue , and is produced quickly by young fibroblasts before the tougher type I collagen is synthesised. Type IV collagen - Basal la...

Coenzyme

A coenzyme (a.k.a. a prosthetic group ) is an organic non- protein molecule that is a functional par...mes are generally defined as cofactors that are organic molecules . Many coenzymes are phosphorylated water -soluble vitamins . However, nonvitamins may...

Chromatography

...adsorbents.TLC is a standard laboratory method in organic chemistry . Because of its simplicity and speed TL...clude any miscible combination of water or various organic liquids (the most common are methanol or acetonitrile ). Often, a gradient over time in the solv...

Cell metabolism

...stances, such as amino acids , into more complex organic compounds, such as enzymes and nucleic acids . Catabolism Catabolism is a type of metabolic process occurring in living cells by which complex molecules are broken down to produce energy and reducing power. On balance, catabolic reactio...

Cellular respiration

...ergy usable for life processes. Oxidation of organic material—in a bonfire, for example—is ...m an energy-rich atom (such as a carbon atom in an organic molecule) to an oxygen atom, via an electron transport chain. Oxygen serves as the "terminal electr...

Carbon fixation

...two G3P are output, then they are combined to form organic compounds, specifically monosaccharides ....

Crassulacean acid metabolism

...oxide. They store it as malate and other, simple organic compounds. Malate in particular is easily broken down into pyruvate , which can be phosphorylated into PEP and then be recycled to fix more carbon. In some ways, CAM resembles C 4 metabolism, except that CAM plants contain no bundle sheath...

C4 carbon fixation

...es of photorespiration, a harmful process in which organic material and energy is lost from the plant due to ...product is usually converted to malate , a simple organic compound that gives up its CO 2 to the Calvin cycle after being shipped off to bundle sheath ce...

Crassulacean acid metabolism

...oxide. They store it as malate and other, simple organic compounds. Malate in particular is easily broken down into pyruvate , which can be phosphorylated into PEP and then be recycled to fix more carbon. In some ways, CAM resembles C 4 metabolism, except that CAM plants contain no bundle sheath...

Calvin cycle

... energy carriers to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds that can be used by the organism. This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation . The key enzyme of the cycle is called RubisCO . The total sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following: 6 CO 2 + 12 NADPH + 12 H 2 ...

Bone

...ree of significant elasticity contributed by its organic components (chiefly collagen ). Bone is a mesh ,...er major constituent of bone. It has inorganic and organic parts. The inorganic is mainly crystalline mineral salts and calcium, which is present in the form o...

Biotechnology

...directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer , milk -products...n Star Trek The Breen use starships with organic technology. The starship USS Voyager used bio-neural gel pack circuitry. Species 8472 used ...

Biological psychology

...l psychologists work on the basis that there is an organic basis to mental processes, and that this requires ...d in the brain . They recognize that treating the organic problem may be accomplished by talking as well as drugs. Related Topics Cognitive neuroscienc...