nucleotide

Secondary structure

...ich nucleotides bind each other, and, for example, nucleotide pairs that are bound form helices. RNA secondary structure can also include pseudoknots and base triples. For many RNA molecules, the secondary structure is highly important to the correct function of the RNA — often more so than the actual se...

RNA

...(so called because it logically has the equivalent nucleotide sequence of the new RNA strand). A small stretch of DNA-RNA hybrid is present at the active site of the enzyme. The synthesis continues until a termination sequence is reached. The resulting RNA molecule is the primary transcript . Modulation of th...

Restriction fragment length polymorphism

... of DNA molecules (arising from their differing nucleotide sequences) by which they may be distinguished, and as the laboratory technique which uses this characteristic to compare DNA molecules. The technique is utilized in genetic fingerprinting and paternity testing . Method Usually, DNA from an ...

Restriction enzyme

...double-helical segments that contain a particular nucleotide sequence , and it makes its incisions only within ...tides--A,C,G and T--into a four or eight or twelve nucleotide sequence, recognition sequences tend to "crop up" by chance in any long sequence. Furthermore, restr...

Purine

...e ). Both adenine and guanine are derived from the nucleotide inosine monophosphate, which is synthesized on a pre-existing ribose through a complex pathway using atoms from the amino acids glycine , glutamine , and aspartic acid , as well as formate ions transferred from the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate...

Promoter

...oters 2.1.1 Probability of occurrence of each nucleotide 2.2 Eukaryotic promoters 3 Binding 4...ranscribed Probability of occurrence of each nucleotide T A T A A T77% 76% 60% 61% 56% 82% T T G A C A69% 79% 61% ...

Primer

...oxytrityl (DMT), which prevents the building of a nucleotide chain. To add a nucleotide, DMT is chemically removed, and the nucleotide is added. The 5'-hydroxyl of the new nucleotide is blocked by DMT, preventing the addition of more t...

Primary structure

...rotein , is to name the species of every subunit ( nucleotide or amino acid ) in order from the beginning to the end of the molecule to obtain either nucleotide or peptide sequence . The primary structure, in other words, is a biopolymer's exact chemical comp...

Polymerase chain reaction

...s. If the mutation of interest is a T or C single nucleotide polymorphism (T/C SNP), one would use two reactions, one containing a primer ending in T, and the other ending in C. The common primer would be the same. Following PCR, these two sets of reactions would be run out on an agarose gel, and the band pat...

Nucleotide

...r T V X or N A or C or G or T X A nucleotide is a monomer or the structural unit of nucleotide chains forming nucleic acids as RNA and DNA . A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic nucle...

Neutral theory of molecular evolution

... of existing species, the vast majority of single- nucleotide differences are selectively "neutral." That is, ...lly through the spontaneous mutation of a single nucleotide within the sequence of a gene. In single-celled organisms, such an event immediately contributes a n...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

...n of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the nucleotide through an ester linkage. NADP is produced in the preliminary cycles of photosynthesis , and is used in the later Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. It is used in many other anabolic reactions in various organisms as well. MH 2 + NAD + →...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

...n of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the nucleotide through an ester linkage. NADP is produced in the preliminary cycles of photosynthesis , and is used in the later Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. It is used in many other anabolic reactions in various organisms as well. MH 2 + NAD + →...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

...n of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the nucleotide through an ester linkage. NADP is produced in the preliminary cycles of photosynthesis , and is used in the later Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. It is used in many other anabolic reactions in various organisms as well. MH 2 + NAD + →...

Isozyme

...proaches (such as direct DNA sequencing , Single nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites ), they are still amongst the quickest and cheapest marker systems to develop, and remain (as of 2005 ) an excellent choice for projects that only need to identify low levels of genetic variation, e.g. quantifying...

Intermembrane space

...hondrion or a chloroplast . Its main function is nucleotide phosphorylation . Channel proteins called porins in the outer membrane allow free movement of ions and small molecules into the intermembrane space. This means that it is essentially continuous with the cytosol in terms of solutes releven...

Human Genome Project

... endeavored to map the human genome down to the nucleotide (or base pair ) level and to identify all the g...g differences between individuals involves single nucleotide polymorphisms . Benefits Clear practical results of the project emerged even before the work w...

Genetic code

...codons , each coding for a single amino acid. Each nucleotide sub-unit consists of a phosphate , deoxyribose sugar and one of the 4 nitrogenous nucleotide bases grouped into 2 categories, purine and pyrimidine . The purine bases adenine ( A ) and ...

Gene

...ids that make up a protein. The coding of a three nucleotide DNA sequence to a specific amino acid is essentia...lps explain the different meanings of "gene": a nucleotide sequence in a DNA strand; or the transcribed RNA, prior to splicing; or the transcribed RNA afte...

Flaviviridae

...des long. The 5'-terminus carries a methylated nucleotide cap or a genome-linked protein. The virus itself is enveloped and spherical, about 40-60 nm in diameter....

DNA

...bases"). Because DNA strands are composed of these nucleotide subunits, they are polymers . The diversity of ...in a nonliving system. Because pairing causes the nucleotide bases to face the helical axis, the sugar and phosphate groups of the nucleotides run along the outs...

DNA sequence

...are A , C , G , and T , representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand ( adenine , cytosine , guanine , thymine ), and typically these are printed abutting one another without gaps, as in the sequence AAAGTCTGAC. This coded sequence is sometimes referred to as genetic information . A su...

Genetic code

...codons , each coding for a single amino acid. Each nucleotide sub-unit consists of a phosphate , deoxyribose sugar and one of the 4 nitrogenous nucleotide bases grouped into 2 categories, purine and pyrimidine . The purine bases adenine ( A ) and ...

Chromosome

...nes , regulatory elements and other intervening nucleotide sequences . In the chromosomes of eukaryotes , the uncondensed DNA exists in a quasi-ordered structure inside the nucleus , where it wraps around histones (structural proteins , Fig. 1), and where this composite material is called chromatin . D...

Cell nucleus

...substances are dissolved. These substances include nucleotide triphospates, enzymes , proteins , and transcription factors .Genetic material ( DNA ) is also present in the nucleus, the DNA is present as a DNA-protein complex called chromatin . The DNA is present as a number of discrete units known as chrom...

BLAST

... extremely fast alternative to BLAST that compares nucleotide sequences to the genome is BLAT ( B last L ike A...the six-frame conceptual translation products of a nucleotide query sequence (both strands) against a protein sequence database. This can be very slow. Nucle...

Anticodon

...t base on the anticodon can be modified to another nucleotide such as inosine which allows that base to pair with cytosine , adenine , and uracil on the codon. The first base on the anticodon can also have a uracil which can base pair with guanine as well as adenine....

AMP

... can refer to the following: In biology , the nucleotide adenosine monophosphate As a flavour enhancer , the nucleotide adenosine monophosphate AngryMutantPenguin, a famous fan of The Elder Scrolls In computing ,...

Adenosine triphosphate

...n) Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) is the nucleotide known in biochemistry as the " molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer; that is, ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells . ATP also plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids . ATP molecule...