nucleic

Virus

... Typically these particles carry a small amount of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA ) surrounded by some fo...tructure and, anatomy Virus particles comprise a nucleic acid genome , that may be either DNA or RNA , single or double stranded and positive or negative...

Virus classification

...t useful classification is probably by the type of nucleic acid the virus contains and its mode of expression...Tobacco necrosis satellite virus Satellite nucleic acids Single-stranded satellite DNAs Double-stranded satellite RNAs Single-stranded satellite RN...

Structural biology

...pe of biological macromolecules -- proteins and nucleic acids in particular--and what causes them to have the structures they have. This subject is of great interest to biologists, because macromolecules carry out most of the functions of a cell , and because typically it only is by coiling into a speci...

RNA

Ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) is a nucleic acid consisting of a string of covalently-boun... that is, one part of a single RNA molecule is the nucleic acid complement of another part of the same molecule (for example, 5' -ACUCGA- 3' and 5'-UCGAGU-3'...

Retrovirus

...e. The virus itself is just a storage form for its nucleic acid genome; the reverse transcription takes place in the host's cytosol . The retroviral DNA, when integrated into the host's genome, is termed a provirus . While transcription was classically thought to only occur from DNA to RNA, reverse trans...

Pyrimidine

... six-membered ring. Three nucleobases found in nucleic acids , namely cytosine , thymine , and uracil , are pyrimidine derivatives. In DNA and RNA , these bases form hydrogen bonds with their complementary purines . purine pyrimidine A T G C In RNA , the complement of A ...

Purine

...rines and their tautomers . Two of the bases in nucleic acids , adenine and guanine , are purines. In ...bined immunodeficiency . Purines from turnover of nucleic acids (or from food) can also be salvaged and reused in new nucleotides. The enzyme adenine phosphor...

Protein

... macromolecules , alongside polysaccharides and nucleic acids , that make up the primary constituents of ... 2004 . This database also contains structures of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA , as well as a few carbohydrates . Functions Proteins are involved...

Prion

...athogens ( bacteria , viruses , etc.) contained nucleic acids that are necessary for reproduction. The p... resisted ultraviolet radiation (which breaks down nucleic acids), yet responded to agents that disrupt proteins. Initially, this hypothesis was highly controv...

Primer

...see primer (disambiguation) . A primer is a nucleic acid strand (or related molecule) that serves as a starting point for DNA replication . A primer is required because most DNA polymerases ( enzymes that catalyze the replication of DNA ) cannot begin synthesizing a new DNA strand from scratch,...

Origin of life

...lism. Some of these postulate early appearance of nucleic acids (" genes -first"), whereas the evolution of biochemical reactions and pathways is regarded as moving force of early evolution (" metabolism -first"). Recently, trends are emerging to create hybrid models that combine aspects of both. "Genes ...

Nucleotide

... the structural unit of nucleotide chains forming nucleic acids as RNA and DNA . A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic nucleobase , a pentose sugar , and a phosphate or polyphosphate group . Nucleotides also play important roles in cellular energy transport and transformations (notably AT...

Macromolecule

...istry . These include proteins , starches , and nucleic acids (such as DNA ), which are sometimes called "biomacromolecules" or biopolymers . Synthetic examples include plastics . The integral domains of crystals and metals , while composed of very large numbers of atoms joined by molecule-like ...

Lytic cycle

...DNA or RNA , into the cell. Growth The viral nucleic acid takes over and uses the host cells organelles to make many copies of the virus. In the case of DNA viruses, the DNA transcribes itself into messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that are then used to direct the ribosome. In retroviruses , or RNA...

Life

...r components such as: carbohydrates , lipids , nucleic acids , and proteins . Living organisms requir...sed, lipid - protein bound, carbon metabolic, nucleic acid replicated, protein readout system "a system of inferior negative feedbacks subordinated to...

Genetics

...shows that the four nucleotides are not present in nucleic acids in stable proportions, but that some general rules appear to hold (e.g., that the amount of adenine, A, tends to be equal to that of thymine, T). Barbara McClintock discovers transposons in maize 1952 The Hershey-Chase experiment pro...

Gel electrophoresis

...e scientist. When separating proteins or small nucleic acids ( DNA , RNA , or oligonucleotides ) the g...tworks of polyacrylamide . When separating larger nucleic acids (greater than a few hundred bases ), the preferred matrix is purified agarose . In both cas...

Evolution

...ics. For example, every living thing makes use of nucleic acids as its genetic material, and uses the same ...xtremely rare and minor deviations) to translate nucleic acid sequences into proteins. Because the selection of these traits is somewhat arbitrary, their uni...

Enzyme

...ospholipase Polymerase : builds long chains of nucleic acid polymers from their constituents Protease (peptidase): those enzymes which cut peptide bonds of proteins Protein kinases : those enzymes that transfer a phosphate group to an amino acid residue of a protein Protein phosphatases...

Gel electrophoresis

...e scientist. When separating proteins or small nucleic acids ( DNA , RNA , or oligonucleotides ) the g...tworks of polyacrylamide . When separating larger nucleic acids (greater than a few hundred bases ), the preferred matrix is purified agarose . In both cas...

DNA

...plication Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) is a nucleic acid which is capable of carrying genetic inst...ing the process whereby proteins are produced from nucleic DNA. First isolation of DNA Working in the 19th century , biochemists initially isolated DNA an...

Chromatin

...me which literaly means coloured material). The nucleic acids are generally in the form of double-strande... name which literaly means coloured material). The nucleic acids are generally in the form of double-stranded DNA. The major proteins involved in chromatin are...

Cell metabolism

...omplex organic compounds, such as enzymes and nucleic acids . Catabolism Catabolism is a type of metabolic process occurring in living cells by which complex molecules are broken down to produce energy and reducing power. On balance, catabolic reactions are normally exothermic . Carbohydr...

Biopolymer

...s, respectively, are sugars , amino acids , and nucleic acids . The exact chemical composition and the seq...the carboxylic acid terminus. The convention for a nucleic acid sequence is to list the nucleotides as they occur from the 5' end to the 3' end of the polym...

Biophysics

...ogy - angstrom-resolution structures of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and complexes thereo... and chemistry - biomolecular structure, siRNA, nucleic acid structure, structure-activity relationships. Computer science - molecular simulations, seque...

Biochemistry

... , such as proteins , carbohydrates , lipids , nucleic acids , and other biomolecules . Recently biochemistry has focused more specifically on the chemistry of enzyme -mediated reactions, and on the properties of proteins. The biochemistry of cell metabolism has been extensively described. Other are...

Biology

...a the genetic material which is based upon the nucleic acid DNA using a universal genetic code . In development the theme of universal processes is also present, for example in most metazoan organisms the basic steps of the early embryo development share similar morphological stages and include ...

Affinity chromatography

...an be used in a number of applications, including nucleic acid purification, protein purification from cell free extracts and antibody purification from blood serum . Possibly the most common use of affinity chromatography is for the purification of recombinant proteins. Essentially proteins are tagg...

Adenosine triphosphate

... also plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids . ATP molecules are also used to store the energy plants make in cellular respiration . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Chemical properties 2 Synthesis 3 ATP in the human body 4 Other triphosphates 4.1 Rea...