nerve

Synapse

Synapses allow nerve cells to communicate with one another through ax...se from the post-synaptic cell. The pre-synaptic nerve terminal generally buds from the tip of an axon , while the post-synaptic target surface typically...

Stem cell

...s are known to be able to transform into liver , nerve , muscle , hair follicle and kidney cells. Adult stem cells may be even more versatile than this. Researchers at the New York University School of Medicine have extracted stem cells from the bone-marrow of mice which they say are pluripotent...

Signal transduction

...ules", such as the neurotransmitters that allow nerve cells to communicate across synapses , bind to ...cle contraction, release of neurotransmitter from nerve endings, vision in retina cells, proliferation , secretion , cytoskeleton management, cell m...

Receptor

...ng environmental stimuli, produces an informative nerve impulse . In biochemistry , a receptor is a protein molecule that receives and responds to a specific neurotransmitter , hormone , or other substance. In immunology , a receptor is the region of an antibody which shows recognition of a...

Proprioception

...joints and muscles (stance). There are specific nerve receptors for this form of perception, just like there are specific receptors for pressure, light/dark, temperature, sound, and other sensory experiences. Applications Proprioception is tested by police officers using the field sobriety test wh...

Olfaction

...ts a feature of the odor molecule . Odor receptor nerve cells function like a key lock sytem. If the odor molecules can fit into the lock the nerve cell will fire. However, according to Vibration theory , recently proposed by Turin (1996, 2002), ...

Neurotransmitter

...ntials. That is, they may help the initiation of a nerve impulse in the receiving neuron, or they may disco... in certain brain regions by particular classes of nerve cells. Serotonin is generally used as a neurotransmitter in cells involved in emotional regulation...

Neuron

Neurons (also spelled neurones or called nerve cells ) are the primary cells of the nervous sy...oma in length. This is the structure which carries nerve signals away from the neuron. Each neuron has only one axon, but this axon may undergo extensive bra...

Nervous system

...curs by two primary mechanisms: Within neuronal nerve fibers by way of action potentials Between neu...led nerves (which are actually axonal processes of nerve cells) are considered to be PNS. The peripheral nervous system can also be roughly seen as consisti...

Muscle

... brain. In addition, muscles react to reflexive nerve stimuli that do not always send signals all the way to the brain, but most muscle activity is the result of complex interactions between various areas of the brain. Nerves that control skeletal muscles in mammals correspond with neuron groups alon...

Animal

...ostomes also have a dorsal, rather than a ventral, nerve chord and their embryos undergo different cleavage. All this suggests the deuterostomes and protostomes are separate, monophyletic lineages. The main phyla of deuterostomes are the Echinodermata and Chordata . The former are radially symmetric ...

Louis Pasteur

...bbits and then weakening it by drying the affected nerve tissue. This vaccine was first used on 9-year old Joseph Meister on July 6 , 1885 after the boy was badly mauled by a rabid dog. This was done at some personal risk for Pasteur, since he was not a licensed physician and could have faced prosecut...

Long-term potentiation

...(or potentiation ) of the connection between two nerve cells which lasts for an extended period of time ... sequence of short, high-frequency stimulations to nerve cell synapses . The phenomenon was discovered in the mammalian hippocampus by Terje Lmo in 196...

Ion channel

...e Because "voltage-gated" channels underlie the nerve impulse and because "transmitter-gated" channels ...e sodium and potassium voltage-gated channels of nerve and muscle, and the voltage-gated calcium channels that control neurotransmitter release in pre-s...

Interphase

... of cells are in interphase. Some cells, such as nerve cells, can stay in interphase for decades. The cell grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles. There are 3 parts of interphase: G 1 (growth 1 in which the cell creates organelles and begins metabolism), S phase ( DNA synthesis in which the...

Insulin

...ve diabetic retinopathy ), toehr vascular damage, nerve damage from diabetic neuropathy , or kidney failure from diabetic nephropathy . These studies have demonstrated beyond doubt that, if it is possible for a patient, so-called intensive insulinotherapy is superior to conventional insulinotherapy...

Intermediate filament

...al cells . Neurofilaments These are found in nerve cells and are implicated in the radial growth of the axon . α-Internexin Neurofilament-L (NF-L) Neurofilament-M (NF-M) Neurofilament-H (NF-H) Nestin Intermediate filament type VI. It is found in neural stem cells . Cel...

Eye

...cted and transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve . The eye is typically roughly spherical, filled ... Iris Lens Macula Optic disc Optic nerve Ora serrata Posterior chamber Pupil Rectus medialis Retina Sclera Suspenso...

Down syndrome

...by the damage. A gradual decrease in the number of nerve cells throughout the cortex follows. A few years ago, Johns Hopkins scientists created a genetically engineered mouse called Ts65Dn (segmental trisomy 16 mouse) as an excellent model for studying the Down syndrome. Ts65Dn mouse has genes on c...

Diabetes mellitus

...is ), retinal damage with eventual blindness , nerve damage and eventual gangrene with risk of amputation of toes, feet, and even legs. The most important forms of diabetes are due to decreased production of insulin (diabetes mellitus type 1, the first recognized form), or decreased sensitivit...

Dendrite

... is a slender, typically branched projection of a nerve cell, or " neuron ," which conducts the electrical stimulation received from other cells to the body or soma of the cell from which it projects. This stimulation arrives through synapses , which typically are located near the tips of the dendrites...

Cilium

...ropods only have non-motile cilia on some sensory nerve cells. Cilia are rare in plants occurring most notably in cycads . Protozoans ( ciliates ) possess motile cilia exclusively and use them for either locomotion or to simply move liquid over their surface. Most other organisms that have motile cilia...

Brain

...rthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. ...elop from the anterior section of a single dorsal nerve cord , which later becomes the spinal cord . In craniates, the brain is protected by the bones of t...

Biophysics

... von Helmholtz , first to measure the velocity of nerve impulses Alan Hodgkin & Andrew Huxley , created modern understanding of nerve impulses Georg von Bksy , research on the human ear Bernard Katz , discovered how synapses ...

Axon

An axon , or " nerve fiber ," is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, or " neuron ," which conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma...

Andrew Huxley

...his work with Alan Lloyd Hodgkin on the basis of nerve " action potentials ," the electrical impulses that enable the activity of an organism to be coordinated by a central nervous system . Hodgkin and Huxley shared the prize that year with John Carew Eccles , who was cited for research on synapses . ...

Animal

...ostomes also have a dorsal, rather than a ventral, nerve chord and their embryos undergo different cleavage. All this suggests the deuterostomes and protostomes are separate, monophyletic lineages. The main phyla of deuterostomes are the Echinodermata and Chordata . The former are radially symmetric ...