mitochondria

Vacuole

...s; this is called autophagy. First, cytoplasms , mitochondria , and small organelles are covered with multiplex plasma membranes called autophagosomes. Next, the autophagosomes fuse the vacuoles. Finally, the cytoplasms and the organelles are degraded. In a vacuole of budding yeast, a black particle sometime...

Thylakoid

... generation in chloroplasts is similar to that in mitochondria ....

Symbiogenesis

...d by a protozoan . Today both chloroplasts and mitochondria are believed to have such an origin; see endosym... be attributed to it. For instance, the origin of mitochondria made the development of animals possible, but there is no indication of other symbiogeneses that sep...

Spermatogenesis

... energy transducing neck region of tightly packed mitochondria to finally become mature testicular spermatozoa. They are then released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule and travel with fluid from the testis into the epididymis for further maturation processes allowing them to swim forward and fertiliz...

Spermatid

...w a tail, develop a thickened mid-piece where the mitochondria become localised and form an acrosome . Spermatid DNA also undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed. The DNA is packaged firstly with specific nuclear basic proteins, which are subsequently replaced with protamines during spermatid elongat...

Sperm

...crosome , (2) cell membrane , (3) nucleus , (4) mitochondria , and (5) flagellum (tail) A sperm cell , or...he basal body contains a large concentration of mitochondria that provide the energy for sperm motility through the production of ATP . The spermatozoan tail i...

Ribosome

...s Free ribosomes occur in all cells, and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. Several free ribosomes can associate on a single mRNA molecule to form a polyribosome or polysome . Free ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used in the cytosol or in the organelle they occur in...

Redox

...ned by the reduction of oxygen. In animal cells, mitochondria perform similar functions. The term redox state is often used to describe the balance of NAD + /NADH and NADP + /NADPH in a biological system such as a cell or organ. The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metabolites (e.g...

Proton pump

...sh an electrochemical potential . In bacteria , mitochondria and other ATP-producing organelles, reducing equi...rs this transport. The F 0 F 1 ATP synthase of mitochondria and the CF 1 ATP synthetase of chloroplasts, in contrast, usually conduct protons from high to low ...

Prokaryote

...ents such as vacuoles , endoplasmic reticulum , mitochondria and chloroplasts . In eukaryotes, the latter two perform various metabolic processes and are believed to have been derived from endosymbiotic bacteria. In prokaryotes similar processes occur across the cell membrane; endosymbionts are extremely...

Plant

...mitosis without centrioles , and typically have mitochondria with flat cristae. The chloroplasts of green plants are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they originated directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria . The same is true of the red algae , and the two groups are generally believed to have a co...

Plant

...mitosis without centrioles , and typically have mitochondria with flat cristae. The chloroplasts of green plants are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they originated directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria . The same is true of the red algae , and the two groups are generally believed to have a co...

Light-dependent reaction

...x of two cytochromes (similar to those found in mitochondria ), and then to plastocyanin before returning to chlorophyll. This transport chain produces a proton-motive force, pumping H + ions across the membrane; this produces a concentration gradient which can be used to power ATP synthase . This pathway ...

Paternity testing

...ved. Besides the nuclear DNA in the nucleus, the mitochondria in the cells also have their own genetic material termed the mitochondrial genome . Mitochondrial DNA comes only from the mother, without any shuffling. Proving a relationship based on comparison of the mitochondrial genome is much easier than t...

Redox

...ned by the reduction of oxygen. In animal cells, mitochondria perform similar functions. The term redox state is often used to describe the balance of NAD + /NADH and NADP + /NADPH in a biological system such as a cell or organ. The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metabolites (e.g...

Muscle

...arries oxygen ), higher aerobic metabolism and mitochondria and hence more capable of endurance activities (activities that don't require maximum strength). Fast twitch (type II) - more anaerobic metabolism (due to less myoglobin and mitochondria) but better at generating more power in short bursts (at...

Muller's ratchet

...to offspring from the mother. Another example is mitochondria and chloroplasts , which are also transmitted on...situation. Generally, only obligate endosymbionts, mitochondria and chloroplasts are exposed to Muller's ratchet. But even sexually reproducing organisms are expose...

Mitochondrion

... or thousands of mitochondria. The exact number of mitochondria depends on the cell's level of metabolic activity:...cristae, (4) matrix Depending on the cell type, mitochondria can have very different overall structures. At one end of the spectrum, the mitochondria can resembl...

Mitochondrion

... or thousands of mitochondria. The exact number of mitochondria depends on the cell's level of metabolic activity:...cristae, (4) matrix Depending on the cell type, mitochondria can have very different overall structures. At one end of the spectrum, the mitochondria can resembl...

Lynn Margulis

...on as the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria as separate organisms that long ago entered a symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis . "She is best known for her theory of symbiogenesis , which challenges a central tenet of neodarwinism . She argues that inher...

Light-dependent reaction

...x of two cytochromes (similar to those found in mitochondria ), and then to plastocyanin before returning to chlorophyll. This transport chain produces a proton-motive force, pumping H + ions across the membrane; this produces a concentration gradient which can be used to power ATP synthase . This pathway ...

Citric acid cycle

...uts The citric acid cycle takes place within the mitochondria in eukaryotes , and within the cytoplasm in p...lecule). In eukaryotes , pyruvate moves into the mitochondria . It is converted into acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. In protein catabolism , prot...

Kidney

... filtrate. Cells lining the tubule have numerous mitochondria , enabling active transport to take place by the energy supplied by ATP . Glucose, amino acids, variable ammounts of mineral ions are thus returned to the body. 97.9% of the water in the filtrate enters the convoluted tubules and collecting duct...

Intermembrane space

...ranslocases . These are known as TOM and TIM in mitochondria and TOC and TIC in chloroplasts . It tends to have a low pH because of the proton gradient which results when protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during electron transport . The structures respon...

Glycolysis

...in the cytosol of the cell (as opposed to the mitochondria , where reactions more closely connected to aerobic metabolism occur). Glucose gets into the cell through facilitated diffusion . In some tissues, skeletal muscle for instance, insulin stimulates this process. Follow up The ultimate fate of ...

Genetic code

...iations of the standard genetic code are found in mitochondria , which are energy-producing organelles . Ciliate protozoa also have some variation in the genetic code: UAG and often UAA code for Glutamine (a variant also found in some green algae ), or UGA codes for Cysteine. Another variant is found in ...

Eukaryote

...ably proteobacteria . The few protozoa that lack mitochondria have been found to contain mitochondrion-derived organelles, such as hydrogenosomes and mitosomes . Plants and various groups of algae also have plastids . Again, these have their own DNA and developed from endosymbiotes, in this case cyanoba...

Bacterium

...ll nucleus , cytoskeleton, and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts . Their cell structure is furth...g about 3.7 billion years ago. Two organelles , mitochondria and chloroplasts , are generally believed to have been derived from endosymbiotic bacteria. See:...

Epigenetics

...nomes of cytoplasmic elements ( chloroplasts and mitochondria ). Other mechanisms have also been proposed. See epigenetic inheritance for a more detailed discussion. The epigenome is the overall epigenetic state of a cell. As one embryo can generate a multitude of cell fates during development, one genome ...

Endosymbiotic theory

...he endosymbiotic theory concerns the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts , which are organelles of eu... eukaryotic cells. The theory postulates that the mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria (probably proteobacteria , related to the rickettsias), and that the ...

Endosymbiont

... organelles of the eukaryotic cell, especially mitochondria and chloroplasts , originated as bacterial endosymbionts. This theory is known as the endosymbiotic theory , confirmed and popularized by Lynn Margulis . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Bacterial obligate endosymbionts in mar...

Endosymbiont

... organelles of the eukaryotic cell, especially mitochondria and chloroplasts , originated as bacterial endosymbionts. This theory is known as the endosymbiotic theory , confirmed and popularized by Lynn Margulis . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Bacterial obligate endosymbionts in mar...

DNA

...nerating organelles known as chloroplasts and mitochondria also carry DNA, as do many viruses . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 DNA in brief 2 DNA in crime 3 Overview of molecular structure 4 The role of the sequence 5 DNA replication 6 Mechanical properties relevant...

Cytoskeleton

... and kinesins they transport organelles like mitochondria or vesicles .) the axoneme of cilia and flagella the mitotic spindle synthesis of the cell wall in plants. The prokaryotic cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton was previously considered to be a feature only of eukaryotic cells, but rece...

Cytoplasm

...ts of the cytoplasm are organelles (such as the mitochondria , the chloroplast , lysosomes , peroxysomes , ribosomes ), several vacuoles , cytoskeletons as well as complex membrane structures (e.g. endoplasmic reticulums or the golgi apparatus ). Differences between animal and vegetal cytoplasm ...

Ion gradient

...ive phosphorylation . Same process takes place in mitochondria , were ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (so that F 1 -part sticks into mitochondrial matrix, were ATP synthesis takes place). See also Transmembrane potential difference...

Genetic code

...iations of the standard genetic code are found in mitochondria , which are energy-producing organelles . Ciliate protozoa also have some variation in the genetic code: UAG and often UAA code for Glutamine (a variant also found in some green algae ), or UGA codes for Cysteine. Another variant is found in ...

Citric acid cycle

...uts The citric acid cycle takes place within the mitochondria in eukaryotes , and within the cytoplasm in p...lecule). In eukaryotes , pyruvate moves into the mitochondria . It is converted into acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. In protein catabolism , prot...

Chloroplast membrane

...tant membranes , vital for their function. Like mitochondria , chlorplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope . Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer , between 6 and 8 nm thick, and the two are separated by a gap of 10-20nm, called the intermembrane space. The outer membrane...

Chloroplast

...ct photosynthesis . Chloroplasts are similar to mitochondria but are found only in plants. Both organelles are surrounded by a double membrane with an intermembrane space; both have their own DNA and are involved in energy metabolism; and both have reticulations, or many foldings, filling their inner spaces. ...

Cell metabolism

...amounts of energy in their bonds. Read more about mitochondria to find out more about the reaction and how its energy is secured in ATP . Fat catabolism Main article: Fat catabolism Fat catabolism, also known as lipid catabolism, is the process of lipids or phospholipids being broken down by lipases ...

Cellular respiration

...to give NADH+H + . NADH+H + later proceeds to the mitochondria for use in the electron transport chain. The two ...yruvate into mitochondria. This takes place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells , and at the cell membrane in prokaryotic cells . Anaerobic respiration (Fe...

Bacterium

...ll nucleus , cytoskeleton, and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts . Their cell structure is furth...g about 3.7 billion years ago. Two organelles , mitochondria and chloroplasts , are generally believed to have been derived from endosymbiotic bacteria. See:...

ATPase

...hetase The ATP synthetase (or ATP synthase ) of mitochondria and chloroplasts is an anabolic enzyme that harnesses the energy of a transmembrane proton gradient as an energy source for adding an inorganic phosphate group to a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form a molecule of adenosine tr...

ATP synthase

...ATP is the common "energy currency" of cells. In mitochondria , the F O F 1 ATP synthase has a long history of ...le is correlated with ATPase activity in uncoupled mitochondria and with the ATPase activity in submitochondrial particles created by exposing mitochondria to ult...

Apoptosis

...o increasing release of pro-apoptotic factors from mitochondria (see below), and the amplified activation of caspase-8. Downstream from TNF-R1 and Fas activation - at least in mammalian cells - a balance between pro- (like BAX, BID, or BAD) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-Xl and Bcl-2) members of the Bcl-2 family is c...

Adenosine triphosphate

... by various cellular processes, most typically in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation under the catalytic influence of ATP synthase or in the case of plants in chloroplasts by photosynthesis .The main fuels for ATP synthesis are glucose and fatty acids . Initially glucose is broken down into py...