metabolism

Virus

...ry discusses how viral replication depends on the metabolism of the host. Therefore, the study of viruses can ...wn metabolism, they must utilize the machinery and metabolism of the host to reproduce. For this reason, viruses are called obligate intracellular parasites . B...

Vesicle

...icles are a basic tool of the cell for organizing metabolism , transport, enzyme storage, as well as being chemical reaction chambers. Many vesicles are made in the Golgi apparatus , but also in the endoplasmic reticulum , or are made from parts of the plasma membrane . Lysosomes (membrane-bound digest...

Vacuole

...lcium). Separation of toxic byproducts from cell metabolism . Storage of pigments (e.g., red and blue pigments in flowers ). Protection of the plant tissue from predation by storing toxic compounds. Contributing to cell growth by absorbing water (e.g., cell elongation). Allowing some plant cells to r...

Urea cycle

...urs in some genetic disorders ( inborn errors of metabolism ), and in liver failure . The result in liver failure is accumulation of nitrogenous waste, mainly ammonia, which leads to hepatic encephalopathy . Reactions of cycle: NH 3 (ammonia) + CO 2 + 2 ATP → carbamoyl phosphate + 2 ADP ...

Thermoregulation

... but by the tissues at large. Wherever destructive metabolism ( catabolism ) is going on, heat is being set free...imates. be capable of storing energy as fat for metabolism have reduced extremities some have countercurrent blood flow in extremities (e.g. timber wolve...

Endoplasmic reticulum

... and also plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism , detoxification of the cell (enzymes in the smooth ER detoxify chemicals), and calcium storage. It also is a large transporter of nutrient found in each cell. Functions The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the fac...

Signal transduction

...ese hormones play a key role in the regulation of metabolism , organ function, developmental processes and ... management, cell motion , gene expression and metabolism . The three main pathways that lead to Ca 2+ activation are : G protein regulated pathways ...

Secondary metabolite

...ucts , are those products (chemical compounds) of metabolism that are not essential for normal growth, development or reproduction of an organism . In this sense they are "secondary". The function or importance of these compounds to the organism's development is usually of ecological nature as they are used...

Endoplasmic reticulum

... and also plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism , detoxification of the cell (enzymes in the smooth ER detoxify chemicals), and calcium storage. It also is a large transporter of nutrient found in each cell. Functions The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the fac...

Endoplasmic reticulum

... and also plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism , detoxification of the cell (enzymes in the smooth ER detoxify chemicals), and calcium storage. It also is a large transporter of nutrient found in each cell. Functions The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the fac...

Respiration

...r respiration , which is the use of oxygen in the metabolism of organic molecules. Physiological respiration , which exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the external environment....

Protein

...lular functions such as signal transduction and metabolism .For example, protein catabolism requires only a...s one of the largest component of the diet . The metabolism of proteins by the body releases ammonia , an extremely toxic substance. It is then converted in t...

Prokaryote

...d explosively throughout their long existence. The metabolism of prokaryotes is far more varied than that of eukaryotes, leading to many highly distinct types of prokaryotes. For example, in addition to using photosynthesis or an organic form of carbon for energy like eukaryotes do, prokaryotes may obtain en...

Primary nutritional groups

...ons of chemical compounds. The basis for energy metabolism of most chemotrophic organisms are oxidation-redu...t use of possible electron acceptors in the energy metabolism of chemotrophic organisms, such as O 2 (aerobic respiration), NO 3 - , SO 4 2- (), or fumarate(a...

Peroxisome

...(hydrogen peroxide, a toxic byproduct of cellular metabolism ) to H 2 O and O 2 , with 4H 2 O 2 → 4H 2 O + 2O 2 . In humans, high numbers of peroxisomes can be found in the liver, where toxic byproducts are known to accumulate. All of the enzymes found in a peroxisome are imported from the cytosol . Ea...

Osmoregulation

...retory systems 5.1 Waste products of nitrogen metabolism 5.2 How osmoregulation is achieved in vertebrate...te excretory systems Waste products of nitrogen metabolism Ammonia is a toxic by-product of protein metabolism and is generally converted to less toxic substa...

Origin of life

... is regarded as moving force of early evolution (" metabolism -first"). Recently, trends are emerging to create ...d-gene" and postulate the emergence of a primitive metabolism which could provide an environment for the later emergence of RNA replication. One of the earliest ...

Nutrition

...ition, for example cancer can arise through cell metabolism malfunction, and high energy levels can promote he.... This was done through altering an animal’s metabolism to allow it to consume similar food-energy levels to other animals, but without building up fatty ti...

Muscle

...hich is red and carries oxygen ), higher aerobic metabolism and mitochondria and hence more capable of endu...ngth). Fast twitch (type II) - more anaerobic metabolism (due to less myoglobin and mitochondria) but better at generating more power in short bursts (at th...

Mitochondrion

... mitochondria, in the host cell's cytosol ). This metabolism can be performed in two very different ways, depending on the type of cell and the presence or absence of oxygen . Pyruvate: the Krebs cycle Main article: Krebs cycle Each pyruvate molecule produced by glycolysis is actively transported ...

Mitochondrion

... mitochondria, in the host cell's cytosol ). This metabolism can be performed in two very different ways, depending on the type of cell and the presence or absence of oxygen . Pyruvate: the Krebs cycle Main article: Krebs cycle Each pyruvate molecule produced by glycolysis is actively transported ...

Metabolism

...teps, also called metabolic pathways . The total metabolism are all biochemical processes of an organism. The cell metabolism includes all chemical processes in a cell. Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Meta...

Liver

...rates including humans. It plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body includi...he liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism : Gluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from certain amino acids , lactate or glycer...

Lipase

... diverse biological processes ranging from routine metabolism of dietary triglycerides to cell signaling and inflammation . Several different types of lipases are found in the human body , including pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, lysosomal lipase, hepatic lipase, gastric lipase, endothelial lipase, a...

Life

...inition of life can be simply remedied by defining metabolism in a more biochemically exact way. Biochemistry by Voet and Voet defines metabolism as follows: "Metabolism is the overall process through which living systems acquire and utilize the ...

Lac repressor

...he lac repressor is an enzyme which stops the metabolism of lactose in bacteria as long as glucose is available. When glucose is scarce and lactose is plentiful the lac repressor becomes inactive to permit the conversion of lactose to glucose. Human DNA encodes recipes for making various types...

Insulin

...olypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism . Apart from being the primary effector in carbohydrate homeostasis, it also takes part in the metabolism of fat ( triglycerides ) and proteins – it has anabolic properties. It also affects othe...

Hormone

... or inhibition of the immune system , regulating metabolism and preparation for a new activity (e.g. fighting...f hormones depends, apart from production, on the metabolism and excretion of hormones. Hormone secretion can be stimulated and inhibited by: Other hormone...

Herpetology

...n creatures such as dinosaurs , about whose body metabolism we know frustratingly little. (See the article on Bob Bakker for more information about the warm-blooded dinosaur theory.) The two classes dealt with in herpetology, reptiles and amphibians, share "cold-bloodedness" but otherwise have surprisingl...

Glycolysis

...H 2 O + 2 H + So, for simple fermentations, the metabolism of 1 molecule of glucose has a net yield of 2 mole...here reactions more closely connected to aerobic metabolism occur). Glucose gets into the cell through facilitated diffusion . In some tissues, skeletal muscle...

Glucose

...") 1 Isomerism 2 Synthesis 3 Role in metabolism 4 External links Isomerism There are ... a process known as gluconeogenesis . Role in metabolism Carbohydrates are the human body's key source of energy, providing 4 calories (17 kilojoules ) o...

Gene

...other proteins in the cell, according to the cell metabolism . This interaction finally produces the trait. This complex process helps explain the different meanings of "gene": a nucleotide sequence in a DNA strand; or the transcribed RNA, prior to splicing; or the transcribed RNA after splicing, i.e....

Flagellum

...to a concentration gradient set up by the cell's metabolism (in Vibrio species the motor is a sodium ion pump, rather than a proton pump ). The rotor transports protons across the membrane, and is turned in the process. The rotor by itself can operate at 6,000 to 17,000 rpm , but with a filament attac...

Fermentation

...tinction is made between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism when the word is used in this sense. This process is often used to produce or preserve food. Fermentation typically refers to the fermentation of sugar to alcohol using yeast , but other fermentation processes include the making of yogurt . ...

Bacterium

...alled organotrophs . The metabolic modes of energy metabolism (phototrophy or chemotrophy), reducing equivalent sources (lithotrophy or organotrophy) and carbon sources (autotrophy or heterotrophy) can be combined differently in any single microorganism, and even shifting between different modes frequently occu...

Ethyl alcohol

...ced by fermentation : it is a product of sugar metabolism in certain species of yeast in the absence of oxygen . The process of culturing yeast under conditions to produce alcohol is referred to as brewing . Yeasts can grow in the presence of up to only about 14% alcohol, but the concentration of alcoh...

Endoplasmic reticulum

... and also plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism , detoxification of the cell (enzymes in the smooth ER detoxify chemicals), and calcium storage. It also is a large transporter of nutrient found in each cell. Functions The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the fac...

Cold-blooded

...e a notable example of this effect. Because their metabolism is so variable, poikilothermic animals do not easily support complex, high-energy organ systems such as brains or wings. Some of the most complex adaptations known involve poikilotherms with such organ systems. One example is the swimming muscles o...

Drug

...y intent: for example, foods consumed for normal metabolism are not generally considered "drugs", but the same foods consumed for a more specific purpose (such as the use of alcohol as a depressant or caffeine as a stimulant) may be. Depending on the definition used, the same substance may even be considered ...

Diabetes mellitus

... converting many of the bidirectional processes of metabolism from a catabolic to an anabolic direction. If the amount of insulin produced is insufficient, if cells respond poorly to the effects of insulin (insulin insensitivity or resistance ), or if the insulin itself is defective, glucose is not handled p...

Cytosol

...nal fluid of the cell , and a large part of cell metabolism occurs here. Proteins within the cytosol play an important role in signal transduction pathways, glycolysis , and they act as intracellular receptors and ribosomes . In prokaryotes, all chemical reactions take place in the cytosol. In eukar...

Bioinformatics

...works of metabolites and enzymes which comprise metabolism , signal transduction pathways and gene regulatory networks ) to both analyze and visualize the complex connections of these cellular processes. Artificial life or virtual evolution attempts to understand evolutionary processes via the computer...

Cell metabolism

Cell metabolism is the process (or really the sum of many ongoing...molecules to yield energy and reducing power. Cell metabolism involves extremely complex sequences of controlled chemical reactions called metabolic pathways . ...

Anabolism

Anabolism is the aspect of metabolism that is characterized by growth. One way of categorizing metabolic processes, whether at the cellular , organ or organism level is as anabolic or catabolic . Anabolic processes tend toward "building up" organs and tissues. These processes produ...

Cancer

...lished by avoiding a carcinogen or altering its metabolism ; pursuing lifestyle or dietary practices that modify cancer-causing factors or genetic predispositions ; and/or medical intervention (chemoprevention) to successfully treat preneoplastic lesions. Much of the promise for cancer prevention comes fro...

Crassulacean acid metabolism

Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) is a carbon fixation pathway in some p...in no bundle sheaths around their veins, and C 4 metabolism is continuous, while CAM only occurs at night....

Crassulacean acid metabolism

Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) is a carbon fixation pathway in some p...in no bundle sheaths around their veins, and C 4 metabolism is continuous, while CAM only occurs at night....

Botany

...ciplines that study the growth , reproduction , metabolism , development , diseases , and evolution of plants . Nearly all the food we eat comes (directly and indirectly) from plants like this American long grain rice. This is one of the many reasons that botany is an important topic of study...

Bone

... are also involved with cell formation , calcium metabolism , and mineral storage . The bones of an animal are, collectively, known as the skeleton . Evolutionary alternatives to bones are shells and chitin . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 General overview 2 Forms and structu...

Biochemistry

...properties of proteins. The biochemistry of cell metabolism has been extensively described. Other areas of biochemistry include the genetic code ( DNA , RNA ), protein synthesis , cell membrane transport, and signal transduction . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Development of bioc...

Bioinformatics

...works of metabolites and enzymes which comprise metabolism , signal transduction pathways and gene regulatory networks ) to both analyze and visualize the complex connections of these cellular processes. Artificial life or virtual evolution attempts to understand evolutionary processes via the computer...

Bacterium

...alled organotrophs . The metabolic modes of energy metabolism (phototrophy or chemotrophy), reducing equivalent sources (lithotrophy or organotrophy) and carbon sources (autotrophy or heterotrophy) can be combined differently in any single microorganism, and even shifting between different modes frequently occu...

Biology

...ciplines that study the growth , reproduction , metabolism , development , diseases , and evolution of plant life .Zoology is the discipline which involves the study of animals , which includes the physiology of animals is studied under various fields including anatomy and embryology . The common ...

ATPase

...port many of the metabolites necessary for cell metabolism and export toxins, wastes, and solutes that can hinder cellular processes. An important example is the sodium-potassium exchanger (or Na + /K + ATPase ), which establishes the ionic concentration balance that maintains the cell potential . Beside...

Archaea

...okaryotes in most aspects of cell structure and metabolism . However, their genetic transcription and translation - the two central processes in molecular biology - do not show the typical bacterial features, but are extremely similar to those of eukaryotes . For instance, archaean translation uses ...

Antigen

...rated within the cell, as a result of normal cell metabolism , or because of viral or intracellular bacterial infection . The fragments are then presented on the cell surface in the complex with class I histocompatibility molecules . If cytotoxic CD8 + T cells recognize them, they begin to secrete differe...

Anaerobic

...robic exercise Anaerobic glycolysis Anaerobic metabolism Anaerobic organism Anaerobic respiration oxygen depletion...

Anabolism

Anabolism is the aspect of metabolism that is characterized by growth. One way of categorizing metabolic processes, whether at the cellular , organ or organism level is as anabolic or catabolic . Anabolic processes tend toward "building up" organs and tissues. These processes produ...

Alcohol

...ake much longer to be metabolized, and often their metabolism produces even more toxic substances. Methanol, or wood alcohol , for instance, is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes in the liver to the poisonous formaldehyde , which can cause blindness or death. Interestingly, an effective treatment t...

Aerobic

... Aerobic exercise Aerobic glycolysis Aerobic metabolism Aerobic organism Aerobic respiration Aerobics...