medical

X chromosome

... material may lead to mental retardation and other medical problems. Klinefelter syndrome can also result f... material may lead to mental retardation and other medical problems. Turner syndrome : This results when each of a female's cells has one normal X chromo...

Virus

...viruses are difficult to kill. The most effective medical approaches to viral diseases, thus far, are vaccination to provide resistance to infection, and drugs that treat the symptoms of viral infections. Patients often ask for antibiotics , which are useless against viruses, and their misuse against vi...

Stem cell

...tial to produce any kind of cell in the body. Many medical researchers believe stem cells have the potential ...esearch as unethical due to the suffering that new medical technologies could prevent. Many Jews , Muslims , Humanists , and Unitarian Universalists , as ...

Rudolf Steiner

...mpany called Weleda, which now distributes natural medical products worldwide. In 1924, a lecture to a group of farmers concerned about the destructive trend of "scientific farming" originated the practice of biodynamic agriculture , which is now practiced throughout much of Europe, North America, and Aust...

Robert Koch

...he Franco-Prussian War and later became district medical officer in Wollstein ( Wolsztyn ). Working with...cine Microbiology Timeline of medicine and medical technology...

Reduction

... or dieting . In surgery , reduction is a medical procedure to restore a fracture to a correct alignment....

Phage

...at are resistant to multiple drugs has led Western medical researchers to re-evaluate phages as alternatives to the use of antibiotics. Phage display is a test to screen for protein interactions by integrating multiple genes from a gene bank into phages. Model bacteriophages Following is a list of ...

Polymerase chain reaction

...as E. coli or yeast . PCR is commonly used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of tasks, such as the detection of hereditary diseases , the identification of genetic fingerprints , the diagnosis of infectious diseases , the cloning of genes , and paternity testing . Contents...

Patau syndrome

...f heart defects, skeletal abnormalities, and other medical problems. Affected individuals rarely live past infancy because of the life threatening medical problems associated with this condition. Patau syndrome affects approximately 1 in 10,000 live birth...

Parasitology

...tology One of the largest fields in parasitology, medical parasitology is the study of those parasites which infect humans. These include unicellular organisms such as Plasmodium spp., the organism which causes malaria , Leishmania donovani , the organism which causes leishmaniasis and multicellular...

Oswald Avery

...heodore Avery ( 1877 - 1955 ) was a physician , medical researcher and early molecular biologist . He was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia , but the major part of his career was spent in the United States at the Rockefeller Institute Hospital , New York City . Avery was one of the first molecula...

Nutrition

...holestorol, and maintenance of bone density. (See medical abstract , and references Merrit, 2004, Mei 2001 below). It is now also known that the human digestion system contains a population of a range of bacteria which are essential to digestion, and which are also affected by the food we eat. The previou...

Nondisjunction

...ellular reproduction. This is a cause of several medical conditions, including: Down Syndrome - trisomy of chromosome 21 Patau Syndrome - trisomy of chromosome 13 Edward Syndrome - trisomy of chromosome 18 Turner Syndrome - only one X chromosome present...

Neuroscience

...gy of disease - This field, directly aligned with medical research, is interested in curing any diseases associated with the nervous system. Other related and overlapping fields include: Aphasiology Brain imaging Computational neuroscience Neuroanatomy Neurochemistry Neuroeconom...

Magnetic resonance imaging

... of living tissues and is a commonly used form of medical imaging . MRI has also found many niche applications outside of the medical and biological fields such as rock permeability to hydrocarbons and certain non-destructive testin...

Monoclonal antibody

...Chimeric and humanized antibodies One problem in medical applications is that the standard procedure of producing monoclonal antibodies yields mouse antibodies, and these are rejected by the human immune system. Various approaches to overcome this problem have been tried. In one approach, one takes the DNA...

Microorganism

...es, and for the creation of certain types of food, medical substances and biological weapons. See also Nanobacterium External links Integrated Microbial Genomes draft and completed genomes from the U.S. Department of Energy Microbe News from Genome News Network BBC News, 28 September, 20...

Marcello Malpighi

...demic career In 1656 Malpighi received a chair of medical practice in the university, three years after he had applied for it, and later the same year University of Pisa created a chair of theoretical medicine for him. He stayed in Pisa for three years and then returned to Bologna . In 1661 he was ca...

Liver

...t body . References The following are standard medical textbooks. Eugene R. Schiff, Michael F. Sorrell, Willis C. Maddrey, eds. Schiff's diseases of the liver , 9th ed. Philadelphia : Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2003. ISBN 0781730074 Sheila Sherlock, James Dooley. Diseases of the liver a...

Kinesiology

... the study of the areas of application (akin to a medical study). For example, chiropractic could be studied in this way by conducting an experiment to measure its efficacy of at relieving chronic pain . Other experiments could measure less subjective qualities, like a specific physiological eff...

Kidney

... excrete them, along with water , as urine . The medical field that studies the kidneys and diseases affecting the kidney is called nephrology . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Basic anatomy 1.1 Location 1.2 Structural details 1.3 Organization 1.4 Homeostatic function of the...

Klinefelter's syndrome

...ust one. It is named after Harry Klinefelter , the medical researcher who first described this syndrome in 1...xpected if those cases were indeed, as the current medical opinion assesses, mere coincidences of people having both gender identity disorder and Klinefelter...

Insulin

...nd characterization In 1869 Paul Langerhans , a medical student in Berlin , was studying the structure of...ity and swiftness of onset. In severe cases prompt medical assistance is essential, as damage (to brain and other tissues) and even death will result from suff...

Immunology

...ne system and diseases of the immune system from a medical perspective. Many diseases caused by the immune system fall into two broad categories: immunodeficiency , in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response (examples include chronic granulomatous disease ), and autoimmunit...

Infertility

...o conceive, or may not be able to conceive without medical assistance . Contents showTocToggle("show","...s, especially when they are under pressure to make medical decisions. Women trying to conceive often have clinical depression rates similar to women who have...

Hormone

...ctice. A " pharmacologic dose" of a hormone is a medical usage referring to an amount of a hormone far greater than naturally occurs in a healthy body. The effects of pharmacologic doses of hormones may be different from responses to naturally occurring amounts and may be therapeutically useful. An example...

HeLa

... and the cruiser SMS Hela In biological and medical research, a HeLa cell is a cell which is derived from cervical cancer cells taken from a woman named Henrietta Lacks , who died from the cancer in 1951 , and circulated (without Lacks's knowledge or permission) by George Gey . These cancer c...

Guthrie test

The Guthrie test is a series of medical tests performed on newborns to detect several metabolic diseases . It is named after the U.S. bacteriologist Robert Guthrie , who first described it in 1963. The test is performed on blood samples taken from the heel of the baby, at or befo...

Evolutionary biology

...pplying Evo. Bio to the evolution of diseases, and medical treatment. Ronald Fisher Douglas Futuyma Stephen Jay Gould J.B.S. Haldane W.D. "Bill" Hamilton Steve Jones Motoo Kimura Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Richard Lewontin Lynn Margulis Ernst Mayr John Maynard Smith ...

Eugenics

... the regime and resulted in formalized policies of medical ethics and the 1950 UNESCO statement on race (though, notably, American domestic policy towards race issues were still highly discriminatory). Along with these other reactions to Nazi ideas, eugenics was almost universally reviled in many of the n...

Edward's syndrome

...tending school, holding down a job, etc. As major medical interventions are routinely withheld from these children, it is also difficult to determine what the survival rate or prognosis would be for the condition if they were treated with the same aggressiveness as their genetically 'normal' peers. The rat...

Ebola

...CDC) for help. The CDC informed the international medical community about the epidemic (Draper 15-23). The ...ands and sterilizing needles (CDC 9-18). Also, the medical staff must be informed about the different types of VHFs, including Ebola, and their symptoms. Sympt...

Drug

...edication" is frequently applied to drugs used for medical treatment, presumably to avoid confusion with recr... Licensed distribution In the United States , medical professionals may obtain drugs from drug companies or pharmacies (which in turn purchase drugs f...

Down syndrome

...g for common problems such as thyroid functioning, medical treatment where indicated, a conducive family envi...ial pedagogics have not had a noticeable impact on medical professionals' views on raising a developmentally disabled child. Teachers trained in special educat...

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a medical disorder characterized by varying or persistent h...gh birth weight) of the child. It requires careful medical supervision during the pregnancy. In addition, about 20-50% of these women go on to develop type 2 d...

Developmental biology

...could lead to the specific cloning of organs for medical purposes. Another biologically important process that occurs during development is apoptosis - cell "suicide". For this reason, many develpmental models are used to delucidate the physiology and molecular basis of this cellular process. Conte...

Computed axial tomography

...n the 1970s , CT has become an important tool in medical imaging to supplement X-rays and medical ultrasonography . Although it is still quite expensive, it is the gold standard in the diagnosis o...

Charles Darwin

...lity of surgery at the time led him to neglect his medical studies, but in his second year he became active in student societies for naturalists. In the Plinian society he became an avid student of Robert Edmund Grant , learning from Grant's enthusiasm for the theories of Lamarck and Charles' grandfather ...

Cancer

...ng whether to undertake cancer screening. Use of medical imaging to search for cancer in people without cl... alternative medicine (CAM) is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of con...

Brain

...erms neurology and psychiatry usually refer to medical applications of neuroscience and psychology, respectively. Cognitive science seeks to unify neuroscience and psychology with other fields studying the brain, such as computer science (as in Artificial intelligence , etc) and philosophy . Me...

Botany

...g antiquity and on into the Middle Ages. The Roman medical writer, Dioscorides , provides important evidence on Greek and Roman knowledge of officinal plants. In 1665, using an early microscope, Robert Hooke discovered cells in cork ; a short time later in living plant tissue. The German Leonhart Fuc...

Full blood count

... CBC ) is a test requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood. Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Automated blood count 2 Manual blood count 3 Results from a blood count 3.1 Red cells 3.2 White cells 3.3 ...

Blood

...hage . Circulation blockage can also create many medical conditions from ischemia in the short term to tissue necrosis and gangrene in the long term. Hemophilia is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's clotting mechanisms . This can allow otherwise inconsequential wound...

Biotechnology

...he term describes start-up companies especially in medical discovery that are characterised by many years of ... Red biotechnology is biotechnology applied to medical processes. An example would include an organism designed to produce an antibiotic , or engineerin...

Biodiversity

...cies, only 5,000 have been researched for possible medical applications. Industry : for example fibers for clothing , wood for shelter and warmth. Biodiversity may be a source of energy (such as biomass ). Other industrial products are oils , lubricants , perfumes , fragrances , dyes , pap...

Avian influenza

...isease, but no virus has ever been really cured in medical history. Vaccines , however, take at least four months to produce and must be prepared for each subtype. Increasing virulence In July 2004 researchers, headed by H. Deng of the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Harbin , China and Profe...

Apoptosis

...[28] . freebooks4doctors promotes free access to medical books ( [29] ) PubMed Central (PMC), provided by the US National Library of Medicine, is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature ( [30] ). Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology...

Antibody

... of particular antibodies is a very common form of medical diagnostics. Serology depends on these menthods. Autoimmune disorders can often be traced to antibodies that bind the body's own epitopes; many can be detected through blood tests . "Designed" monoclonal antibody therapy is already being empl...

Alexander Fleming

...ilmarnock . He later attended St Mary's Hospital medical school in London until World War I broke out. ...fronts of France . Being exposed to the horrific medical infections by the dying soldiers, he returned to St. Mary's after the war with renewed energy in sea...

Alcohol

... substances, ethanol is often used as a solvent in medical drugs, perfumes , and vegetable essences such as vanilla . In organic synthesis , alcohols frequently serve as versatile intermediates. Sources Many alcohols can be created by fermentation of fruits or grains with yeast , but only et...