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linked in Biological Definition

Antibody

... in IgA2 the heavy and light chains are not linked with disulfide but with noncovalent bonds. The ... have a special form. They are dimeric molecules, linked by two additional chains. One of these is the J ... where multiple immunoglobulins are covalently linked together with disulfide bonds, usually as a ...

Brain

... spongiform encephalopathy is a deadly disease among cattle and is linked to prions . Some brain disorders are congenital . Tay-Sachs disease , Fragile X syndrome , Down syndrome , and Tourette syndrome are all linked to genetic or chromosomal errors. Malfunctions in the embryonic ...

DNA

... the right). Each vine-like molecule is a strand of DNA: a chemically linked chain of nucleotides , each of which consists of a sugar , a phosphate ... does not involve breaking a strand. The task of unknotting topologically linked strands of DNA falls to enzymes known as topoisomerases . Some of these ...

Glucose

... most stable form for six-carbon aldoses . In this ring, each carbon is linked to hydroxyl and hydrogen side groups with the exception of the fifth ... Structurally, they differ in the orientation of the hydroxyl group linked to the first carbon in the ring. The α form has the hydroxyl group ...

Insulin

... consists of BCA, without L 2. Spontaneous folding 3. A and B chains linked by sulphide bonds 4. Leader and C chain are cut off 5. Insulin molecule ... molecular weight of 5734. Insulin is structured as 2 polypeptide chains linked by 2 sulfur bridges (see figure shown above). Chain A consists of 21, ...

Marine biology

... the well being of marine organisms and non ocean dwelling organisms is linked in some very fundamental ways. Human understanding of the relationship ... biomimetic materials . Related fields Marine biology is closely linked to both oceanography and biology . It also encompasses ideas from ...

Albinism

... animals also carry these genes. Albinism tends to be more hazardous in the animal kingdom, where vision and pigmentation are usually strongly linked to survival. However, albino animals are often kept as pets, e.g. albino gerbils . There have been no reports of true albinism in horses. White ...

Cancer

... as a mutation limited to an oncogene would be suppressed by normal mitosis control. Mutations can have various causes. Particular causes have been linked to specific types of cancer. Tobacco smoking is associated with lung cancer . Prolonged exposure to radiation , particularly ultraviolet ...

Cellulose

... also used within the laboratory as a solid-state substrate for thin layer chromotography . Chemistry Cellulose monomers (beta-glucose) are linked together through 1,4 glycosidic bonds . Cellulose is a straight chain (no coiling occurs). In microfibrils , the multiple hydroxide groups ...

Chromosome

... material and become a compact transport form. Eventually, the two matching chromatids (condensed chromatin strands) become visible as a chromosome, linked at the centromere . Long microtubules are attached at the centromere and two opposite ends of the cell. During mitosis, the microtubules pull ...

Genetic code

... (Glu) is substituted by the hydrophobic valine (Val) which reduces the solubility of -globin. This causes haemoglobin to form linear polymers linked by the hydrophobic interaction between the valine groups causing sickle cell deformation of erythrocytes. These variable codes for amino acids are ...

Colchicine

... of Padanius Dioscorides . It was later identified as a tricyclic alkaloid and its pain relieving and anti-inflammatory effects for gout were linked to it binding with the protein tubulin. Pharmacology Biological function The molecular formula of colchicine is C 22 H 25 N O 6 . ...

Dimer

... Sucrose , or common table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose. A dimer is a molecule composed of two subunits linked together. It is a special case of a polymer . Among the most common dimers are certain types of sugar ; sucrose , for example, is a dimer of a ...

Double helix

... showed that DNA is made up of two complementary, antiparallel strands of the bases Guanine , Adenine , Thymine , and Cytosine , covalently linked through phosphodiester bonds . Each strand forms a helix, and the two helices are held together through hydrogen bonds , ionic forces, hydrophobic ...

Down syndrome

... same human rights and emotions as any other human being. The abuse and forcible institutionalization of people with Down syndrome was closely linked to early twentieth-century racial and eugenic theory, culminating in the murder of many people with Down syndrome and other disabilities by the ...

Enhancer

... it is on the same chromosome. (An exception to this rule was published in a 1990 article in Science , where researchers Wedel, et. al., made two linked circles of DNA, one circle with the enhancer sequence and the other with its promoter . An abstract can be found here .) An enhancer does not ...

Evolution

... was subverting natural selection by allowing the "less fit" to survive and "out-breed" the "more fit." After the atrocities of the Holocaust became linked with eugenics, it greatly fell out of favor with public and scientific opinion (though it was never universally accepted by either). The notion ...

Gene

... Viroid 0–1 ~500 Chemistry and function of genes Chemical structure of a gene Four kinds of sequentially linked nucleotides compose a DNA molecule or strand (more at DNA ). These four nucleotides constitute the genetic alphabet. A sequence of three ...

Genetic code

... (Glu) is substituted by the hydrophobic valine (Val) which reduces the solubility of -globin. This causes haemoglobin to form linear polymers linked by the hydrophobic interaction between the valine groups causing sickle cell deformation of erythrocytes. These variable codes for amino acids are ...

Human

... density .) The original human lifestyle is hunting-gathering , which is adapted to the savanna. Other human lifestyles are nomadism (often linked to animal herding) and permanent settlements made possible by the development of agriculture. Humans have a great capacity for altering their ...

Lipid

... larger and more polar, as described below. Phospholipids or, more precisely, glycerophospholipids , are built on a glycerol core to which are linked two fatty acid-derived "tails" by ester linkages and one "head" group by a phosphate ester linkage. Fatty acids are unbranched hydrocarbon ...

Marfan syndrome

... 3 Treatment 4 Affected persons 5 External links Genetics Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that has been linked to the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15. FBN1 encodes a protein called fibrillin , which is essential for the formation of elastic fibres found in ...

Mendelian inheritance

... with at least one other trait. Mendel could not explain what happened and chose not to mention it in his work. Today, we know that these traits are linked on the same chromosome. ...

Nutrition

... related to the development of schizophrenia in some cases. (See British Medical Journal, February 21, 2004.) Alzheimer's disease may be linked to B vitamin deficiencies. (See the Times newspaper, January 31 2004 "Could vitamins help delay the onset of Alzheimer’s?" by Jerome Burne). ...

Okazaki fragment

... and the last ribonucleotide is removed by and synthesized by Pol I . The nick, or a broken phosphodiester bond remaining between the fragments is linked together by DNA ligase . ...

Redox

... dioxide , some partially oxidized forms, and heat energy . Complete oxidation of materials containing carbon produces carbon dioxide , which is linked to global warming because it absorbs certain wavelengths of infrared light. In organic chemistry , stepwise oxidation of a hydrocarbon ...

Potential energy

... (denoted V 1 ) and q 2 (denoted V 2 ) is: Relation between potential energy and force Potential energy is closely linked with forces . If the work done going around a loop is zero, then the force is said to be conservative and it is possible to define a numerical value ...

Prion

... the "invader" cells to die, ensuring that only related colonies obtain the benefit of sharing resources [1] . Prions have also been speculatively linked to memory [2] and cellular differentiation , the process by which stem cells take on specialized functions (such as muscle or blood ....

Protein

... from increased toxic residues, possibly bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood, foundering (foot problems) in horses, and can also be linked to obesity. Proteins can often figure in allergies and allergic reactions to certain foods . This is because the structure of each form of ...

Protist

... many groups whose placement is uncertain. An incomplete picture is given in the table at right; other protist groups are described under the pages linked above. ...

Protist

... many groups whose placement is uncertain. An incomplete picture is given in the table at right; other protist groups are described under the pages linked above. ...

Redox

... dioxide , some partially oxidized forms, and heat energy . Complete oxidation of materials containing carbon produces carbon dioxide , which is linked to global warming because it absorbs certain wavelengths of infrared light. In organic chemistry , stepwise oxidation of a hydrocarbon ...

Signal transduction

... referred to as signal transduction often involve a sequence of biochemical reactions inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes and linked through second messengers . Such processes take place in as little time as a millisecond or as long as a few seconds. Slower processes are rarely ...

Skin

... off. This process is called keratinization and takes place within about 30 days. Blood capillaries are found beneath the epidermis, and are linked to an arteriole and a venule. Arterial shunt vessels may bypass the network in ears, the nose and fingertips. The dermis lies below the epidermis ...

Sociobiology

... . It uses techniques from ethology , evolution , sociology , and population genetics . Within the study of humans, Sociobiology is closely linked to the field of evolutionary psychology . The term "sociobiology" was coined by E. O. Wilson in 1975 with the publication of his famous book ...

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

... 90% are released from the receptors and taken up again by monoamine transporters in the sending cell (thus reuptake ). Depression has been linked to a lack of stimulation of the recipient neuron at a synapse. To stimulate the recipient cell, SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin. As a result, ...

Starch

... are joined to one in an alpha-1,6 linkage, forming a branch point. Structurally, the starch forms clusters of linear polymers, where the alpha-1,4 linked chains form linear columns of glucose units branching at the alpha-1,6 links. The relative content of amylose and amylopectin varies between ...

Synapse

... plasticity . One regulatory trigger of synaptic strength involves the simple coincidence sensory stimuli and action potentials in the synaptically linked cells. Integration of synaptic inputs Generally, if an excitatory synapse is strong, an action potential in the pre-synaptic neuron will ...

X chromosome

... 20,000 to 25,000 total genes in the human genome. Genetic disorders that are due to mutations in genes on the X chromosome are described as X linked . The X chromosome carries hundreds of genes but few, if any, of these have anything to do directly with sex determination. Women have two X ...
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