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lead in Biological Definition

Cancer

... of organs and tissues . Mutations in DNA that lead to cancer appear to disrupt these orderly ... and often rapid proliferation of cells can lead to either a benign tumor or a malignant ... confirm the diagnosis. Screening for cancer can lead to earlier diagnosis. Early diagnosis ...

Diabetes mellitus

... at advanced stages. Hyperglycemia itself can lead to dehydration and ketoacidosis . Longer-term ... or tumors (either malignant or benign) can also lead to loss of insulin production. Currently , ... the insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia lead to ketoacidosis before the disease is recognized ...

Stem cell

... risks contamination with pathogens that could lead to human health risks. After more than 6 months ... form specific types of brain cells. This could lead to new treatments and cures for diseases like ... will first test the neurons in chicken embryos. lead researcher Su-Chun Zhang said their ...

Alternative splicing

... occurs in eukaryotes in which the splicing process of a pre-mRNA can lead to different ripe mRNA molecules and therefore to different proteins. ... the evolution of a new protein. Instead, a new way of regulation could lead to the same effect, but leaving the code for the established proteins ...

Biodiversity

... that no property rights or no access regulation of resources necessarily lead to their decrease (degrading costs having to be supported by the ... methods), progress made in the genetic field in the past 20 years lead to the obligation to tighten laws. With the new technologies of genetic ...

Bacterium

... reviewed and approved by the Biology group (editor: Gaytha Langlois, lead reviewer: Gaytha Langlois, lead copyeditors: Ruth Ifcher and Jan Hogle) Further reading ...

Brain

... infection of the meninges, the membrane that covers the brain, can lead to meningitis . Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a deadly disease ... more powerfully through subliminal techniques. Myth: Hypnosis can lead to perfect recall of details. Not only is this not entirely true, an ...

Chromosome

... such as translocations , or chromosomal inversions , although it may lead to a higher chance of having a child with an chromosome disorder. Abnormal ... a chromosome rearrangement. The gain or loss of chromosome material can lead to a variety of genetic disorders . Examples include: Cri du chat ...

Cladistics

... are of taxonomic import is inherently subjective. Many argue that they lead to "gradistic" thinking, where groups advance from "lowly" grades to "advanced" grades, which can in turn lead to the error of teleology . Going further, some cladists argue that ...

Colchicine

... can exacerbate the symptoms. High doses can also damage bone marrow and lead to anemia . It's not used in the treatment of cancer , as the dose required would lead to intolerable side-effects. Toxicity Poisoning resembles ...

Culture

... two cultures. Under peaceful conditions, contact between two cultures can lead to people "borrowing" (really, learning) from one another ( diffusion ... with other cultures. For example, the end of the last ice age helped lead to the invention of agriculture. Some inventions that affected Western ...

Bacterium

... reviewed and approved by the Biology group (editor: Gaytha Langlois, lead reviewer: Gaytha Langlois, lead copyeditors: Ruth Ifcher and Jan Hogle) Further reading ...

Foot and mouth disease

... declines rapidly after two or three days; blisters inside the mouth that lead to excessive secretion of stringy or foamy saliva and to drooling; and ... Though most animals eventually recover from FMD, the disease can lead to myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and death, especially ...

Gene

... gene may arise. Once propagated to the next generation, this mutation may lead to variations within a species' population. Variants of a single gene are ... it to variations within a gene. Errors during DNA replication may lead to the duplication of a gene, which may diverge over time. Though the ...

Insulin

... is delivered by the pump, there will be hyperglycemia. Both of these can lead to potentially life-threatening conditions. In addition, indwelling ... reports that some patients abuse insulin by injecting larger doses that lead to mild hypoglycemic states. This is extremely dangerous and is ...

Nutrition

... CVAs etc.. An excess of carbohydrates, especially sugars, can lead to imbalances in insulin production. This in turn can lead to fatigue, chronic tiredness, diabetes, and obesity through overeating. ...

Redox

... not mean however, that the reverse process takes place (because that would lead to status quo), but it does often lead to equilibrium. Chemistry students sometimes remember the nature of ...

Prion

... Small differences in the amino acid sequence of prion-forming regions lead to distinct structural features on the surface of prion fibers. As a ... of the molecule. These sheets create an electric dipole and can lead to amyloid aggregation. Classification Mammalian prions, ...

Redox

... not mean however, that the reverse process takes place (because that would lead to status quo), but it does often lead to equilibrium. Chemistry students sometimes remember the nature of ...

Rudolf Steiner

... (or portions of it in some of his lectures and books) that can gradually lead to a sort of superconsciousness awareness of living in spiritual worlds at ... the Waldorf schools' emphasis on imagination and creativity can sometimes lead to child-led class sessions without focus or direction. To the contrary, ...

Sociobiology

... correct or not. They argued that sociobiology does not necessarily lead to any particular political ideology as many critics implied. Many ... including the complete genetic dynamics of in- and outbreeding might lead to completely different conclusions in the above-mentioned theories of the ...

Tumor

... activate oncogenes or repress tumor supressor genes can eventually lead to tumors. Cells have mechanisms that repair DNA and other mechanisms that ... Mutations that repress the genes for these mechanisms can also eventually lead to cancer. A mutation in one oncogen or one tumor repressor gen is usually ...

X chromosome

... X and Y chromosomes (48,XXYY) in each cell. The extra genetic material may lead to mental retardation and other medical problems. Klinefelter syndrome ... identified, but these conditions are rare. The extra genetic material may lead to mental retardation and other medical problems. Turner syndrome : ...

Y chromosome

... in every cell (polysomy Y). The extra genetic material in these cases can lead to skeletal abnormalities, decreased IQ, and delayed development, but the ... smaller. If this damage and loss were to continue unabated, this would lead to the disappearance of all males in any species, including humans. As a ...

Albinism

... are many genes which are now scientifically proven to be associated with albinism (or better: alterations of the genes). All alterations, however, lead to an alteration of the melanin (pigment/coloring) production in the body. Melanin helps protect the skin from ultraviolet light coming from ...

Allele frequency

... gene often are graphed together as an allele frequency distribution histogram . Population genetics studies the different "forces" that might lead to changes in the distribution and frequencies of alleles -- in other words, to evolution . Besides selection, these forces include genetic drift , ...

Amine

... due to the Gabriel Synthesis . Reactions Dissolving secondary and tertiary amines using strong acids like HI, HBr, or HCl does not lead to a lower grade amine and an alkylhalide, hence the nitrogen-group is not a preferred leaving group. The only kind of succesful ...

Apoptosis

... that they benefitted from each other's work, and both pointed out the possibility that cell death might be regulated. Their observations helped to lead later work toward the genetic pathways of programmed cell death. Coining of the term apoptosis In a signal article published in 1972, John ....

Blood

... substances ( amino acids , lipids , hormones ) to be transported between tissues and organs. Problems with blood composition or circulation can lead to downstream tissue dysfunction. Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Blood of different species 1.1 Humans 1.2 Small ...

Cell growth

... are sometimes called the two " nuclear division" processes. Binary fission is similar to eukaryotic cell reproduction that involves mitosis. Both lead to the production of two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parental cell. Meiosis is used for a special cell reproduction ...

Cilium

... The best known cilia-related disorder is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD). In addition, a defect of the primary cilium in the renal tube cells can lead to polycystic kidney disease (PKD). In another genetic disorder called Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), the mutant gene products are the components ...

Developmental biology

... specialization of cells during embryogenesis may shield information on how to specialize stem cells to specific tissues and organs, which could lead to the specific cloning of organs for medical purposes. Another biologically important process that occurs during development is apoptosis - cell ...

Dialysis

... adds nor removes fluid and is used for patients who are primarily concerned with waste removal rather than fluid regulation. Higher concentrations lead to greater water removal. Electrolytes are also present in the fluid to maintain proper body levels. Patients weigh themselves, and measure ...

Ploidy

... to produce Kaguya the fatherless mouse. Aneuploidy Aneuploidy is when a cell contains an abnormal or non-integer ploidy number. This may lead to problems in cell development. Most forms of aneuploidy in humans are lethal, but trisomy (three copies) of the sex chromosome (the cause of ...

Down syndrome

... and minerals, none of these have been medically approved for use in the UK for the mass treatment of people with Down syndrome and none appear to lead to any proven lasting benefits, and all remain highly controversial. Down syndrome's sociology Advocates for people with Down Syndrome ...

Escherichia coli

... intestinal tract and into the urinary tract , they can cause an infection sometimes referred to as " honeymoon cystitis " because intercourse can lead to introduction of bacteria into the bladder. However urinary tract infection is seen in both males and females and in roughly equal proportions if ...

Gel electrophoresis

... of the components from the original mixture as one or more distinct bands, one band per component. Incomplete separation of the components can lead to overlapping bands, or to indistinguishable smears representing multiple unresolved components. Bands in different lanes that end up at the same ...

Enzyme

... Enzymes are essential to living organisms, and a malfunction of even a single enzyme out of approximately 2,000 types present in our bodies can lead to severe or lethal illness. An example of a disease caused by an enzyme malfunction in humans is phenylketonuria (PKU). The enzyme phenylalanine ...

Eugenics

... about breeding to the arena of human life. Before the death camps of World War II , the idea that eugenics, in an ultimate expression, could lead to genocide was not taken as a serious possibility. Stigmatization of eugenics in the post-Nazi years In the years after the experience of ...

Evolution

... mutations can be subdivided into germline mutations, which can be passed on to progeny and somatic mutations , which (when accidental) often lead to the malfunction or death of a cell and can cause cancer . Mutations introduce new genetic variation, without which evolution cannot proceed. ...
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(Date:12/2/2009)...tches now available, many more to come, NIH direct...ay News) -- Thirteen stem cell lines have been ad...er-funded research, and many more such lines will ...unced Wednesday. , These are the first addition... funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health ...
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