intermediate

Virus classification

...ther than in DNA form. RNA arises in cells as an intermediate when genes are translated into proteins . RNA genomes of viruses can be encoded in two different directions: Either the genes are stored in the 5'->3' direction (positive or + polarity), analogous to the direction in which genes are represente...

Trait

...to expression of traits The biochemistry of the intermediate proteins determines how they interact in the cell. Therefore, biochemistry predicts how combinations of different alleles will produce varying traits. Extended expression patterns seen in diploid organisms include facets of incomplete dominan...

Species

...he larger and darker it is likely to be; Koalas in intermediate regions are intermediate in weight and colour. In contrast, over the same geographic range, black-backed (northern) and white...

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

... ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) is an important intermediate in the Calvin cycle taking place during photosynthesis . It is the substrate used by the enzyme RubisCO to fix carbon dioxide ....

RNA virus

... , or whose genetic material passes through an RNA intermediate during replication. For example, Hepatitis B virus is classified as an RNA virus, even though its genome is double-stranded DNA, because the genome is transcribed into RNA during replication. The basis for this classification is error-prone RNA rep...

Redox

...zes sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. As intermediate steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ), which then contributes to the creation of a proton gradient , which drives the synthesis of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is maintained by the ...

Protein

...f animals is also protein: microtubules, actin , intermediate filaments, collagen and keratin are components of skin, hair, and cartilage . Another class are the motor proteins such as myosin , kinesin, and dynein. Muscles are composed largely of the proteins myosin and actin . Working with protei...

Plasmid

...sistance of conjugative plasmids, by 'accident'.An intermediate class of plasmids are mobilisable , and carry only a subset of the genes required for transfer. These plasmids can 'parasitise' another plasmid, transferring at high frequency in the presence of a conjugative plasmid. Figure 4 : Schematic d...

Redox

...zes sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. As intermediate steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ), which then contributes to the creation of a proton gradient , which drives the synthesis of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is maintained by the ...

Nuclear lamina

...lamina is a dense, fibrillar meshwork composed of intermediate filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope ....

Antibiotic resistance

...and the US. VRSA is also termed GISA (glycopeptide intermediate Staphylococcus aureus ) or VISA (vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus ), indicating resistance to all glycopeptide antibiotics. A new class of an...

Memory

...ore the information regarding the instructions and intermediate results is what is referred to as working memory. Classification by information type Long-term memory, the largest part of any model, can be divided into declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit) memories. Declarative memory re...

Keratin

... twisting around each other to form strands called intermediate filaments. These proteins contain a high percentage of sulfur -containing amino acids , largely cysteine , which form disulfide bridges between the individual molecules, resulting in a fairly rigid structure. Human hair is approximately 14% cy...

Joint

...sistant to shear stresses. Deeper than that is an intermediate layer, which is mechanically designed to absorb shocks and distribute the load efficiently. The deepest layer is highly calcified, and anchors the articular cartilage to the bone. In joints where the two surfaces do not fit snugly together, a menis...

Intermediate filament

...ructural components of living cells. Their size is intermediate between that of microfilaments and microtubules...clear envelope ) Keratin IFs keratin intermediate filaments These proteins are the most diverse among IFs. The many isoforms are divided in two g...

Hepadnaviridae

...plication, because they replicate through an RNA intermediate (which they translate back into DNA using reverse transcriptase ). Because of this mode of replication, Hepadnaviruses are classified as RNA viruses ....

Gene

...eles are called mutants . Normally, RNA is an intermediate product in the translation of a molecular gene into a protein. However, for some gene sequences, RNA molecules are actually the functional end products. For example, RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function , or small interfering...

Eye

...n for the theory of evolution , on the basis that intermediate forms of an eye would presumably have been of little use, and light-sensitive organs are present in a variety of different creatures without any clear evolutionary link. However, eyes in different levels various animals show adaption to their requi...

Escherichia coli

...nd it makes for an excellent target for novice and intermediate students of the life sciences. Trivia University of Arizona microbiologist Dr. Charles P. Gerba gave his first son the middle name of Escherichia. He told his father-in-law that Escherichia was a king in the Old Testament . External link...

DNA virus

...s its genetic material and does not use an RNA intermediate during replication. Viruses that either have RNA as their genetic material or use an RNA intermediate during replication are called RNA viruses . The DNA can either be single- (ssDNA) or double-strande...

Cytosol

...s proteins ( microfilaments , microtubules , and intermediate filaments ) and (in many organisms) maintains the shape of the cell, anchors organelles, and controls internal movement of structures, e.g., transport vesicles . As the concentration of soluble molecules increases within the cytosol, an osmotic g...

Cytoskeleton

...ction . Intermediate Filaments Main article: intermediate filaments These 8 to 11 nanometers in diameter ...me cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions. Different intermediate filaments are: made of vimentins , being the common structural support of many cells. made of ...

Ion gradient

...n gradients The proton gradient can be used as an intermediate energy storage for heat production and flagellar rotation . Additionally it is an interconvertible form of energy in active transport, electron potential generation, NADPH synthesis and ATP synthesis/hydrolysis. Some archaea , most notably ha...

Chemiosmotic hypothesis

...lem with the older paradigm is that no high energy intermediate was ever found, and the evidence for proton pumping by the complexes of the electron transfer chain grew too great to be ignored. Eventually the weight of evidence began to favor the chemiosmotic hypothesis, and in 1978, Peter Mitchell was awarded ...

Antibiotic resistance

...and the US. VRSA is also termed GISA (glycopeptide intermediate Staphylococcus aureus ) or VISA (vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus ), indicating resistance to all glycopeptide antibiotics. A new class of an...

Amino acid

... a small disubstituted cyclic amino acid and a key intermediate in the production of the plant hormone ethylene . In addition to amino acids for protein synthesis, there are other biologically important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitters glycine , GABA and glutamate , as well as carnitine (used ...