Carbohydrate
... External links
Structure
glucose as a straight-chain carbohydrate ( Fischer ... many carbon atoms they contain. For instance,
glucose is an aldohexose , fructose a ketohexose , ... an aldohexose, but has different properties from
glucose because the atoms are arranged differently.
...
Cellular respiration
... bonds of energy -rich molecules such as
glucose are converted into energy usable for life ... The overall equation for the oxidation of
glucose is:
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + ... oxygen . The process converts one molecule of
glucose into two molecules of pyruvate , and makes ...
Citric acid cycle
... (the breakdown of sugars). Glycolysis breaks
glucose (a six-carbon-molecule) down into pyruvate (a ... . In the liver the glycerol can be converted into
glucose via dihydroxyacetone phosphate and ... yield propionyl CoA which can result in further
glucose production by gluconeogenesis in liver.
The ...
Diabetes mellitus
... understanding and participation is vital as blood
glucose levels change continuously, while successfully ... the principal hormone that regulates uptake of
glucose into cells (primarily muscle and fat cells) from ... carbohydrates in food are rapidly digested to
glucose , the principal sugar in blood. Insulin is ...
Dialysis
... a solution comprised of a known amount of a
glucose dissolved in water. The strength of this ... out of the bloodstream. Common strengths of
glucose are 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5% and 4.25%. 1.5% is ... to act as nutrient supplements. If a strong
glucose solution is used, osmosis of water from plasma ...
Glucose
...
glucose , a simple monosaccharide sugar , is one of ... as a source of energy in animals and plants .
glucose is one of the main products of photosynthesis ... projection representation of the structure of
glucose (α-D-glucopyranose) ...
Glycolysis
... Output
Glycolysis converts one molecule of
glucose into two molecules of pyruvate , along with ... .
The global reaction of glycolysis is:
glucose + 2 NAD + + 2 ADP + 2 P i → 2 NADH + 2 ... fermentations, the metabolism of 1 molecule of
glucose has a net yield of 2 molecules of ATP . Cells ...
Growth curve
... because two different sugars were present,
glucose and lactose. The bacteria prefer to consume
glucose (Phase I) and only use the lactose (Phase II) after the
glucose has been depleted. Analysis of the molecular ...
Photosynthesis
... the over-all equation for the production of
glucose is:
12H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light → C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O
The
glucose is variously used to form other organic ... outline, this is the opposite of the above:
glucose and other compounds react with oxygen to produce ...
Insulin
... medications are inadequate in controlling blood
glucose levels.
Insulin has the empirical formula C ... metabolic level
4 Regulatory action on blood
glucose
5 Signal transduction
6 The brain and ... intake of certain substances, most prominently
glucose
increase of DNA replication and protein ...
Isozyme
... of hexokinase which is not inhibited by
glucose 6-phosphate . Its different regulatory features and lower affinity for
glucose (compared to other hexokinases), allows it to ... Both of these processes must only occur when
glucose is abundant, or problems occur.
...
Citric acid cycle
... (the breakdown of sugars). Glycolysis breaks
glucose (a six-carbon-molecule) down into pyruvate (a ... . In the liver the glycerol can be converted into
glucose via dihydroxyacetone phosphate and ... yield propionyl CoA which can result in further
glucose production by gluconeogenesis in liver.
The ...
Lac repressor
... metabolism of lactose in bacteria as long as
glucose is available. When
glucose is scarce and lactose is plentiful the lac ... of another regulatory protein that responds to
glucose and activates the lactose path only ...
Liver
... :
Gluconeogenesis (the formation of
glucose from certain amino acids , lactate or glycerol )
Glycogenolysis (the formation of
glucose from glycogen )
Glycogenesis (the ... stores of a multitude of substances, including
glucose in the form of glycogen, vitamin B12 , iron , ...
Nephron
... , and ammonium ions ), solutes (such as
glucose , amino acids , phosphates , and so on) ... as glomerular filtrate , contains water ,
glucose , salt , amino acids , and urea .
Proximal tubule
The valuable molecules, water ,
glucose , salt , and amino acids are reabsorbed by the ...
Pentose phosphate pathway
... , utilising the energy from the conversion of
glucose 6- phosphate into ribose 5-phosphate.
The ... series of reactions is the dehydrogenation of
glucose 6-phosphate into 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone . This reaction is catalyzed by
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase . The hydroxyl group ...
Photosynthesis
... the over-all equation for the production of
glucose is:
12H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light → C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O
The
glucose is variously used to form other organic ... outline, this is the opposite of the above:
glucose and other compounds react with oxygen to produce ...
Polysaccharide
...
Starches
Starches are polymers of
glucose in which glucopyranose units are bonded by ... consists of a linear chain of several hundred
glucose molecules. Amylopectine is a branched molecule made of several thousand of
glucose units.
Starches are insoluble in water . They ...
Starch
... and amylopectin , in which the monomers are
glucose units joined to one another head-to-tail forming ... polysaccharide chain, since occasionally, two
glucose units are joined to one in an alpha-1,6 linkage, ... alpha-1,4 linked chains form linear columns of
glucose units branching at the alpha-1,6 links. The ...
Active transport
... solutes move in the same direction across the membrane. An example is the
glucose symporter, which cotransports two sodiums for every molecule of
glucose it imports into the cell.
See also
Ion channel
...
Adenosine triphosphate
... chloroplasts by photosynthesis .
The main fuels for ATP synthesis are
glucose and fatty acids . Initially
glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytosol . Two molecules of ATP are ...
Dimer
... Sucrose , or common table sugar, is composed of
glucose and fructose.
A dimer is a molecule composed of two subunits ... are certain types of sugar ; sucrose , for example, is a dimer of a
glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.
In biology , a dimer is a protein ...
Enzyme
... hormones by the removal of iodine
Diastase : break starch into
glucose
Dihydrofolate reductase : reduces dihydrofolic acid to ... Lactase (or beta-galactosidase): breaks lactose into galactose and
glucose
Ligases : all those enzymes that can join ("ligate") two molecules ...
Homeostasis
... temperature. This is mainly done by the skin.
The regulation of blood
glucose level. This is mainly done by the liver and the insulin secreted by the ... , salinity , and acidity , and the concentrations of nutrients such as
glucose , various ions , oxygen , and wastes, such as carbon dioxide and urea ...
Metabolism
... catabolism
Glycogenolysis , the conversion of glycogen into
glucose .
Glycolysis , the conversion of
glucose into pyruvate and ATP, does not require oxygen .
Embden-Meyerhof ...
Alcohol
... 2 or 3 alcohols).
The formation of a secondary alcohol via the last two methods is shown:
Industrial
Fermentation : using
glucose from the hydrolysis of starch , in the presence of yeast and temperature of <37C to produce ethanol.
Direct hydration : using ethene or ...
Blood
... hemato- ( BE : haemo- and haemato- ) from the Greek word " haima " for "blood".
The main function of blood is to supply nutrients ( oxygen ,
glucose ) and constitutional elements to tissues and to remove waste products (such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid ). Blood also enables cells ( ...
Flavin
... can transfer electrons to the electron transfer chain .
FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a cofactor in the enzymes D-amino acid oxidase,
glucose oxidase, and xanthine oxidase .
FADH / FADH 2
FADH and FADH 2 are reduced forms of FAD. FADH 2 is produced in the citric acid cycle ...
Facilitated diffusion
... The transport protein involved is intrinsic, that is, it completely spans the membrane. It also has a binding site for the specific molecule (e.g.,
glucose ) or ion to be transported. After binding the molecule, the protein changes shape and carries the molecule across the membrane, where it is released. ...
Flavin
... can transfer electrons to the electron transfer chain .
FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a cofactor in the enzymes D-amino acid oxidase,
glucose oxidase, and xanthine oxidase .
FADH / FADH 2
FADH and FADH 2 are reduced forms of FAD. FADH 2 is produced in the citric acid cycle ...
Fehling's solution
... with Fehling's solution; a red precipitate indicates the presence of aldehydes or aldehyde groups. An example for its use is to screen for
glucose in urine , thus detecting diabetes . It was developed by German chemist Hermann von Fehling .
Preparation
Fehling's solution is always ...
Glycoprotein
... posttranslational modification , at either asparagine , hydroxylysine , hydroxyproline , serine , or threonine . Possible carbohydrates include
glucose , glucosamine , galactose , galactosamine , mannose , fructose , and sialic acid .
The sugar group can assist in protein folding or improve ...
Leaf
... are made up of:
xylem , which brings water from the stem into the leaf.
phloem , which usually moves sap out, the latter containing the
glucose produced by photosynthesis in the leaf.
The xylem typically lies over the phloem. Both are embedded in a dense parenchyma tissue (= ground ...
Muscle
... Muscles store energy for their own use in the form of glycogen , which represents about 1% of their mass. This can be rapidly converted to
glucose when more energy is necessary.
Nervous control
Efferent leg
Vertebrates move muscles in response to voluntary and autonomic signals ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
... force to generate 3 ATP. Each FADH 2 molecule is worth 2 ATP. All together, the 10 NADH and 2 FADH 2 molecules contributed through oxidation of
glucose ( glycolysis , conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA , and the Krebs cycle ) account for 34 of the 38 total ATP energy carrier molecules. It is ...
Blood plasma
... appearance (transparent with a faint straw colour). It is mainly composed of water, proteins , and mineral salts. It serves as transport medium for
glucose , lipids , hormones , products of metabolism, carbon dioxide and oxygen . (Oxygen transport capacity of plasma is lower compared to that of the ...