glucose

Starch

...e and amylopectin , in which the monomers are glucose units joined to one another head-to-tail forming ...near polysaccharide chain, since occasionally, two glucose units are joined to one in an alpha-1,6 linkage, forming a branch point.Structurally, the starch for...

Blood plasma

... mineral salts. It serves as transport medium for glucose , lipids , hormones , products of metabolism, carbon dioxide and oxygen . (Oxygen transport capacity of plasma is lower compared to that of the hemoglobin in the red blood cells ; it may increase under hyperbaric conditions.) It is the stor...

Polysaccharide

...rides Starches Starches are polymers of glucose in which glucopyranose units are bonded by alpha-...ose consists of a linear chain of several hundred glucose molecules. Amylopectine is a branched molecule made of several thousand of glucose units. Starche...

Photosynthesis

...ance, the over-all equation for the production of glucose is: 12H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light → C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O The glucose is variously used to form other organic compounds, such as the building material cellulose , or it ...

Pentose phosphate pathway

...DPH , utilising the energy from the conversion of glucose 6- phosphate into ribose 5-phosphate. The ove...s series of reactions is the dehydrogenation of glucose 6-phosphate into 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone . This reaction is catalyzed by glucose 6-phosp...

Oxidative phosphorylation

...FADH 2 molecules contributed through oxidation of glucose ( glycolysis , conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA , and the Krebs cycle ) account for 34 of the 38 total ATP energy carrier molecules. It is worth noting that these ATP values are maximums, in reality each NADH molecule contributes between 2 a...

Nephron

...ride , and ammonium ions ), solutes (such as glucose , amino acids , phosphates , and so on) accordin...known as glomerular filtrate , contains water , glucose , salt , amino acids , and urea . Proximal tubule The valuable molecules, water , glucose ,...

Muscle

...% of their mass. This can be rapidly converted to glucose when more energy is necessary. Nervous control Efferent leg Vertebrates move muscles in response to voluntary and autonomic signals from the brain . Deep muscles, superficial muscles, muscles of the face and internal muscles all correspo...

Metabolism

...lycogenolysis , the conversion of glycogen into glucose . Glycolysis , the conversion of glucose into pyruvate and ATP, does not require oxygen . Embden-Meyerhof pathway , the common glyco...

Liver

...abolism : Gluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from certain amino acids , lactate or glycerol ) Glycogenolysis (the formation of glucose from glycogen ) Glycogenesis (the formation of glycogen from glucose) The breakdown of i...

Leaf

...h usually moves sap out, the latter containing the glucose produced by photosynthesis in the leaf. The xylem typically lies over the phloem. Both are embedded in a dense parenchyma tissue (= ground tissue), called pith , with usually some structural collenchyma tissue present. Leaf types, arrangemen...

Lac repressor

... metabolism of lactose in bacteria as long as glucose is available. When glucose is scarce and lactose is plentiful the lac repressor becomes inactive to permit the conversion of l...

Citric acid cycle

...m (the breakdown of sugars). Glycolysis breaks glucose (a six-carbon-molecule) down into pyruvate (a ... . In the liver the glycerol can be converted into glucose via dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by way of gluconeogenesis. In many tis...

Isozyme

...variant of hexokinase which is not inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate . Its different regulatory features and lower affinity for glucose (compared to other hexokinases), allows it to serve different functions in cells of specific organs,...

Insulin

...er medications are inadequate in controlling blood glucose levels. Insulin has the empirical formula C 254...d metabolic level 4 Regulatory action on blood glucose 5 Signal transduction 6 The brain and hypoglycemia 7 Diseases and syndromes caused by an...

Homeostasis

... mainly done by the skin. The regulation of blood glucose level. This is mainly done by the liver and the in...ity , and the concentrations of nutrients such as glucose , various ions , oxygen , and wastes, such as carbon dioxide and urea . Since these properties...

Photosynthesis

...ance, the over-all equation for the production of glucose is: 12H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light → C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O The glucose is variously used to form other organic compounds, such as the building material cellulose , or it ...

Growth curve

...-phasic because two different sugars were present, glucose and lactose. The bacteria prefer to consume glucose (Phase I) and only use the lactose (Phase II) after the glucose has been depleted. Analysis of the m...

Glycoprotein

... , or threonine . Possible carbohydrates include glucose , glucosamine , galactose , galactosamine , mannose , fructose , and sialic acid . The sugar group can assist in protein folding or improve its stability. Glycoproteins are often used in proteins that are at least in part located in extracell...

Glycolysis

... Output Glycolysis converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate , along with "red...ple fermentations, the metabolism of 1 molecule of glucose has a net yield of 2 molecules of ATP . Cells performing respiration synthesize much more ATP but...

Glucose

...rth projection representation of the structure of glucose (α-D-glucopyranose) Glucose ( C 6 H 1...n, through a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions, glucose is oxidized to eventually form carbon dioxide and water , yielding energy, mostly in the form o...

Fehling's solution

...e groups. An example for its use is to screen for glucose in urine , thus detecting diabetes . It was developed by German chemist Hermann von Fehling . Preparation Fehling's solution is always made just prior to the test. Two equal volumes of solutions are mixed: 70 grams copper(II) sulfate p...

Flavin

...is a cofactor in the enzymes D-amino acid oxidase, glucose oxidase, and xanthine oxidase . FADH / FADH 2 FADH and FADH 2 are reduced forms of FAD. FADH 2 is produced in the citric acid cycle . In oxidative phosphorylation, one molecule of FADH 2 yields approximately 1.5 ATP FMN Flavi...

Facilitated diffusion

...s a binding site for the specific molecule (e.g., glucose ) or ion to be transported. After binding the molecule, the protein changes shape and carries the molecule across the membrane, where it is released. The protein then returns to its original shape, to wait for more molecules to transport. In contras...

Flavin

...is a cofactor in the enzymes D-amino acid oxidase, glucose oxidase, and xanthine oxidase . FADH / FADH 2 FADH and FADH 2 are reduced forms of FAD. FADH 2 is produced in the citric acid cycle . In oxidative phosphorylation, one molecule of FADH 2 yields approximately 1.5 ATP FMN Flavi...

Enzyme

...oval of iodine Diastase : break starch into glucose Dihydrofolate reductase : reduces dihydrofolic...ctosidase): breaks lactose into galactose and glucose Ligases : all those enzymes that can join ("ligate") two molecules with a covalent bond Lyase...

Dimer

Sucrose , or common table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose. A dimer is a molecule compose... sugar ; sucrose , for example, is a dimer of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule. In biology , a dimer is a protein complex made up of two su...

Dialysis

...ion), a solution comprised of a known amount of a glucose dissolved in water. The strength of this solution...ffuses out of the bloodstream. Common strengths of glucose are 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5% and 4.25%. 1.5% is approximately fluid-neutral; it neither adds nor removes fl...

Diabetes mellitus

... understanding and participation is vital as blood glucose levels change continuously, while successfully kee... the principal hormone that regulates uptake of glucose into cells (primarily muscle and fat cells) from the blood, deficiency of insulin or its action pla...

Citric acid cycle

...m (the breakdown of sugars). Glycolysis breaks glucose (a six-carbon-molecule) down into pyruvate (a ... . In the liver the glycerol can be converted into glucose via dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by way of gluconeogenesis. In many tis...

Cellular respiration

...mical bonds of energy -rich molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life pro...quickly. The overall equation for the oxidation of glucose is: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy In cellular respiration, this ...

Carbohydrate

...ow many carbon atoms they contain. For instance, glucose is an aldohexose , fructose a ketohexose , an...s an aldohexose, but has different properties from glucose because the atoms are arranged differently. A heterocyclic form of ribose ( Haworth pro...

Blood

...nction of blood is to supply nutrients ( oxygen , glucose ) and constitutional elements to tissues and to remove waste products (such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid ). Blood also enables cells ( leukocytes , abnormal tumor cells) and different substances ( amino acids , lipids , hormones ) to be...

Alcohol

...hown: Industrial Fermentation : using glucose from the hydrolysis of starch , in the presence of yeast and temperature of <37C to produce ethanol. Direct hydration : using ethene or other alkenes from cracking of fractions of distilled crude oil . Uses a catalyst of phosphoric a...

Adenosine triphosphate

...tosynthesis .The main fuels for ATP synthesis are glucose and fatty acids . Initially glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytosol . Two molecules of ATP are generated for each molecul...

Active transport

...e direction across the membrane. An example is the glucose symporter, which cotransports two sodiums for every molecule of glucose it imports into the cell. See also Ion channel...