gas

Turgor

... where M is the molarity R is the molar gas constant T is absolute temperature (i.e. measu... the similarity of the above formula to the ideal gas law . See also Pfeffer cell cell wall...

Stoma

...he undersurface of a plant leaf , and used for gas exchange. Air containing carbon dioxide and oxygen enters the plant through these openings where it gets used in photosynthesis and respiration . Waste oxygen produced by photosynthesis in the chlorenchyma cells of the leaf interior exit...

Signal transduction

.... Nitric oxide (NO) as second messenger The gas nitric oxide is a free radical which diffuses through the plasma membrane and affects nearby cells. NO is made from arginine and oxygen by the enzyme NO synthase , with citrulline as a by-product. NO works mainly through activation of its ...

Reduction

...educed by the addition of electrons . A reduced gas is thus hydrogen -rich. In philosophy , reduction is the process of explaining a particular phenomenon or subject matter in terms of more fundamental concepts, principles or elements. In linguistics , reduction is to shorten the...

Redox

...her useful method is reductions involving hydrogen gas (H 2 ) with a palladium, platinium or nickel catalyst. These catalytic reductions are primarily used in the reduction of carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. The chemical way to look at redox processes is that the reductant transfers electrons t...

Primer

... of salts to the entropy R is the universal gas constant Also, a primer should not easily anneal with itself or others of its kind, building loops or hairpins in the process. This could hinder the annealing with the template DNA. However, small hairpins are usually unavoidable. Sometimes deg...

Photosynthesis

...rom them. Most notably, they use carbon dioxide gas and water to produce sugars and oxygen gas. The energy for these processes comes from photosynthesis. For instance, the over-all equation for the production of glucose is: 12H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light → C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 6O 2 + 6H 2...

Redox

...her useful method is reductions involving hydrogen gas (H 2 ) with a palladium, platinium or nickel catalyst. These catalytic reductions are primarily used in the reduction of carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. The chemical way to look at redox processes is that the reductant transfers electrons t...

Osmosis

...al corresponds to: where R is the ideal gas constant , T is the temperature and x 2 is the solute concentration in terms of mole fraction . Most real solutions approximate ideal behavior for low solute concentrations (At higher concentrations interactions between solute and solven...

Lung

...gs, accompanied by air sacs to control the flow of gas through it. See Bird#Respiration for a detailed ...hrough the lungs, but do not play a direct role in gas exchange. They have a flow through respiration system. When a bird inhales, air flows in through th...

Leaf

...ions: protection against water loss, regulation of gas exchange, secretion of metabolic compounds, and (in some species) absorption of water. Most leraves show dorsoventral anatomy: the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. T...

Photosynthesis

...rom them. Most notably, they use carbon dioxide gas and water to produce sugars and oxygen gas. The energy for these processes comes from photosynthesis. For instance, the over-all equation for the production of glucose is: 12H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light → C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 6O 2 + 6H 2...

Fick's law of diffusion

...ula It states that the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane is Constant for a given gas at a given temperature by an experimentally determined factor, K Proportional to the surface ar...

Ethyl alcohol

...ram / L Gas properties Δ f H 0 gas -235.3 kJ / mol S 0 gas 283 J/molK C p 65.21 J/molK Safety Acute effects Nausea, vomiting, CNS de...

Escherichia coli

...eria that ferment lactose with the production of gas within 48 hours at 35C (in the body, this gas is released as flatulence ). In the fields of water purification and sewage treatment , E. col...

Diffusion

...f carbon dioxide molecules towards them. A smelly gas distributes itself over a room by diffusion. A sugar cube in a glass of water that is not stirred will dissolve slowly and the sugar molecules will distribute over the water by diffusion. Atomic diffusion This is the process whereby the rando...

Chromatography

... takes a chemical mixture carried by liquid or gas and separates it into its component parts as a re...on the differential affinities of substances for a gas or liquid mobile medium and for a stationary adsorbing medium through which they pass; such as pa...

Crassulacean acid metabolism

...lants close their stomata (tiny pores used for gas exchange) during the day in order to conserve water. Normally, they wouldn't be able to carry out photosynthesis , since carbon dioxide from the air wouldn't be available. Therefore, their stomata are open during the night, and it is then that they...

Crassulacean acid metabolism

...lants close their stomata (tiny pores used for gas exchange) during the day in order to conserve water. Normally, they wouldn't be able to carry out photosynthesis , since carbon dioxide from the air wouldn't be available. Therefore, their stomata are open during the night, and it is then that they...

Botany

... absorb carbon dioxide , an important greenhouse gas , through photosynthesis . A good understanding of plants is crucial to the future of our society as it allows us to: Feed the world Understand fundamental life processes Utilise medicine and materials Understand environmental changes F...

Alcohol

...nerally produced by synthetic routes from natural gas , oil , or coal feedstocks, for example via aci...re. Methanol is manufactured from synthesis gas , where CO + 2 H 2 are combined to produce methanol using a Cu , ZnO and Al 2 O 3 catalyst at 2...

Absorption spectrum

...etic radiation absorbed by a material, usually a gas . It can be regarded as the opposite to an emission spectrum , which is a depiction of the specific wavelengths emitted by a material. Let us consider white light, which consists of electromagnetic radiation at all frequencies, passing through a sa...