Force in Biological Definition

Muscle

... usually refers to the ability to exert a force on an external object—for example, lifting ... than other muscles. If "strength" refers to the force exerted by the muscle itself, e.g. on the place ... to muscle, or with length. Each fiber can exert a force on the order of 0.3 micronewtons. By this ...

Osmosis

... 1). This reduced potential creates a driving force and it is this force which drives diffusion of water through the ... in the low solute concentration region. The force per unit area required to prevent the passage of ...

Potential energy

... 2 Relation between potential energy and force 3 Graphical representation 4 See also ... Relation between potential energy and force Potential energy is closely linked with ... work done going around a loop is zero, then the force is said to be conservative and it is possible to ...

Proton-motive force

... utilization process involves the Proton-motive force in some step. This can be described as the ... membrane . In eukaryotes the Proton-motive force exists across the inner mithochondrial ... via ATP Synthase . In plants, the Proton Motive force also exists in the thylakoid membranes of the ...

ATP synthase

... runs in the opposite direction, creating ATP while using the protonmotive force created by the electron transport chain as a source of energy. The ... of the mitochondrial enzyme. However, in chloroplasts the protonmotive force is generated not by respiratory electron transport chain, but by primary ...

Symbiogenesis

... of Species , Lynn Margulis argued that symbiogenesis was the primary force in evolution . According to her theory, acquisition and accumulation of ... from symbiogenesis. Whereas Darwin emphasized competition as the main force behind evolution, Margulis emphasizes cooperation. However, this idea ...

Biomechanics

... resulting in overlapping twitches and a phenomenon known as wave summation. At a sufficiently high frequency, tetany occurs, and the contracticle force appears constant through time. This allows skeletal muscle to develop a wide variety of forces. This muscle type can be voluntary controlled. Hill's ...

Ion gradient

... respiring bacteria under physiological conditions, ATP synthase generally runs in the opposite direction, creating ATP while using the protonmotive force created by the electron transport chain as a source of energy. The overall process of creating energy in this fashion is termed oxidative ...

Diabetes mellitus

... shape of the lens in the eye, leading to blurred vision and, perhaps, a visit to an optometrist . All unexplained quick changes in eyesight should force a fasting blood glucose test. These are now quick (less than 5 minutes total), inexpensive (materials less than US$1), and can be safely performed by ...

Diffusion

... into the air. In these cases, diffusion is the result of turbulent fluid motion rather than chemical reactions or the application of external force . In cell biology , diffusion is described as a form of " passive transport ", by which substances cross membranes . Contents ...

Gel electrophoresis

... needs to be handled using Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) to avoid poisoning. The second part, " electrophoresis ", refers to the electromotive force (EMF) that is used to push or pull the molecules through the gel matrix; by placing the molecules in wells in the gel and then applying an electric ...

Electron transfer chain

... and lipid-soluable messengers that convert the reductive potential of energized electrons into a cross-membrane proton gradient. This proton motive force created by the ETC is used to power membrane transporters and adenosine triphosphate synthesis by ATP synthase (aka the F 0 F 1 particle). ...

Flagellum

... a rotary engine composed of protein , located at the flagellum's anchor point on the inner cell membrane . The engine is powered by proton motive force , i.e., by the flow of protons (i.e., hydrogen ions ) across the bacterial cell membrane due to a concentration gradient set up by the cell's ...

Gel electrophoresis

... needs to be handled using Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) to avoid poisoning. The second part, " electrophoresis ", refers to the electromotive force (EMF) that is used to push or pull the molecules through the gel matrix; by placing the molecules in wells in the gel and then applying an electric ...

Gene duplication

... in the 1980s and is now widely accepted as a major evolutionary force. Some have argued that gene duplication is the most important evolutionary force since the emergence of the universal common ancestor . Major genome duplication events are not uncommon. It is predicted that the entire yeast ...

Human

... transport infrastructure, immediate proximity to these resources has become unnecessary, and in many places these factors are no longer the driving force behind growth and decline of population. Human habitation within closed ecological systems in hostile environments ( Antarctica , outer space ) ...

Kidney

... blood by an afferent (in-coming) arteriole . The capillary walls of the glomerulus have pores allowing filtration. Blood pressure provides the force for blood plasma to be filtered through the thin, porous epithelium of the glomerulus and the neighbouring Bowman's capsule wall to produce the ...

Kinetic energy

... Kinetic energy (also called vis viva , or living force ) is energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion . The kinetic energy of a body is equal to the amount of work needed to establish its ...

Light-dependent reaction

... splitting it into O 2 and H + . The electrons transfer from the primary acceptor to plastoquinone, then to plastocyanin, producing proton-motive force as with cyclic electron flow and driving ATP synthase. Since the photosystem II complex replaced its lost electrons from an external source, ...

Microscope

... widespread claims, certainly not the inventor of the microscope. Other types of microscopes See also microscopy Atom probe Atomic force microscope Electron microscope Field ion microscope Field emission microscope Phase contrast microscope , see Frits Zernike ...

Molecular evolution

... , or can occur deliberately under cellular control during the processes such as meiosis or hypermutation . Mutations are considered the driving force of evolution , where less favorable (or deleterious ) mutations are removed from the gene pool by natural selection , while more favorable (or ...

Magnetic resonance imaging

... There is a big difference between this scanner and contemporary MRI machines. See also History of brain imaging Magnetic resonance force microscopy Nobel Prize controversies Reference James Mattson and Merrill Simon. The Pioneers of NMR and Magnetic Resonance in ...

Origin of life

... postulate early appearance of nucleic acids (" genes -first"), whereas the evolution of biochemical reactions and pathways is regarded as moving force of early evolution (" metabolism -first"). Recently, trends are emerging to create hybrid models that combine aspects of both. "Genes first" ...

Oxidative phosphorylation

... ATP in the process. The reaction is: ADP 3- + H + + P i ↔ ATP 4- + H 2 O Each NADH molecule contributes enough proton motive force to generate 3 ATP. Each FADH 2 molecule is worth 2 ATP. All together, the 10 NADH and 2 FADH 2 molecules contributed through oxidation of glucose ...

Light-dependent reaction

... splitting it into O 2 and H + . The electrons transfer from the primary acceptor to plastoquinone, then to plastocyanin, producing proton-motive force as with cyclic electron flow and driving ATP synthase. Since the photosystem II complex replaced its lost electrons from an external source, ...

Pseudopod

... at the leading edge, which subsequently will blend into one another to form networks. We suppose that actin polymerization is at the origine of the force propelling the cell forwards. Function They are involved in a variety of cell activities, most notably: Mechanical role Pseudopods are ...

Symbiosis

... such close proximity to its host. The biologist Lynn Margulis , famous for the work on endosymbiosis , contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution . She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition , as incomplete, and claims evolution is strongly based on ...

Transformation

... Stories Archive . In the terms of military operations, transformation is the process of transitioning to a lightweight, fast-moving force that heavily utilizes network-centric warfare . [1] In post- apartheid South Africa , transformation has come to mean the processes by which ...