Morphogenesis
... the development of a fertilized egg, but they are
expressed by cells within the maternal ovary. Bicoid and ... transcriptional regulation of other zygotically
expressed proteins. Many of these are the protein products ... Two additional classes of segmentation genes are
expressed after the gap gene products. The pair-rule genes ...
Mendelian inheritance
... the generations, even if the phenotype is not
expressed (F 1 generations, figures 1 and 2).
... and position of the offspring. His data was
expressed numerically and subjected to statistical ... differ, then one, the dominant allele, is fully
expressed in the organism's appearance; the other, the ...
Morphogenesis
... the development of a fertilized egg, but they are
expressed by cells within the maternal ovary. Bicoid and ... transcriptional regulation of other zygotically
expressed proteins. Many of these are the protein products ... Two additional classes of segmentation genes are
expressed after the gap gene products. The pair-rule genes ...
Potential energy
... (a measure of the stiffness of the spring),
expressed in N/m, and x is the displacement from the equilibrium position,
expressed in metres (see Main Article: Elastic potential ... charge is called electrical potential . It is
expressed in volts . The fact that a potential is always ...
Allele
... white allele), the petals will be red. The recessive allele will only be
expressed in a recessive homozygote.
However, there are exceptions to the way ... is co-dominance , where both alleles are active and both traits are
expressed at the same time; for example, both red and white petals in the same bloom ...
Apoptosis
... carried out by human papillomaviruses (HPV), a gene called E6 is
expressed in a product that degrades p53 protein, which is a vital piece of the ... T cells can be activated when presented with fragments of inappropriately
expressed proteins (resulting, say, from a malignant mutation) or with foreign ...
Cell nucleus
... of DNA which constitute euchromatin contain genes which are frequently
expressed by the cell.
In heterochromatin, DNA is more tightly compacted. Regions ... DNA which constitute heterochromatin generally contain genes which are not
expressed by the cell (this type of heterochromatin is known as facultative ...
Charles Darwin
... the book, and Darwin's old Cambridge tutors Sedgwick and Henslow
expressed their disappointment in him. Then seven liberal Anglican theologians ... particular social implications. He certainly agreed with views first
expressed (and later retracted) by Wallace and later by his cousin Francis Galton ...
Enzyme
... to achieve a given rate of reaction is also of interest. This can be
expressed by the Michaelis-Menten constant ( K M ), which is the substrate ... reciprocal, or Lineweaver-Burk plot.
The efficiency of an enzyme can be
expressed in terms of k cat / K m . The quantity k cat , also called the ...
Epigenetics
... factors affecting a parent can result in changes in the way genes are
expressed in the offspring (see Waterland citation).
In both cases, the object of study includes how gene regulatory information that is not
expressed in DNA sequences is transmitted from one generation (of cells or ...
Immune system
... Pathogens which penetrate these barriers encounter constitutively
expressed anti-microbial molecules that restrict the infection.
Phagocytic ... oil and mycobacterium . It was later discovered that toll-like receptors,
expressed on innate immune cells, are critical in the activation of adaptive ...
Natural selection
... to help organisms adapt to deal with parasites.
Natural selection can be
expressed as the following general law (taken from the conclusion of The Origin of ... — not to mention the grandfather of Charles Darwin — and he
expressed much of his theory of evolution in poetic verse. His formal exposition of ...
Polymerase chain reaction
... can be studied more closely. Expressing a cloned gene (when a gene is
expressed the gene product (usually protein or RNA ) is produced by the GMO) can ... differently treated organisms one can get a general idea of which sample
expressed more of the gene of interest. A quantative RT-PCR method has been ...
Stem cell
... Schaub , and professor of government Dr. Peter Lawler , all of whom have
expressed a more cautionary view towards embryonic stem cell research.
The Bush ... Pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies initially
expressed little interest because they consider therapies based on cells, which ...
Alternative splicing
... the protein to be non-functional.
Exon cassette mode : in this case, certain exons are spliced out to alter the sequence of amino acids in the
expressed protein.
Importance in molecular genetics
Alternative splicing is of great importance for genetics it means that the old idea of one DNA ...
Barr body
... is condensed in those regions.
The Barr body chromosome is generally considered to be inert, but in fact a small number of genes remain active and
expressed in some species. These genes are generally those which are present on the other sex chromosome (Y or W).
Mechanism
Mammalian X-chromosome ...
Bioinformatics
... expression analysis
The expression of many genes can be determined by measuring mRNA levels with multiple techniques including microarrays ,
expressed cDNA sequence tag ( EST ) sequencing, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) tag sequencing, massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS), or ...
Full blood count
... Total red blood cells - The number of red cells is given as an absolute number per liter.
Hemoglobin - The amount of hemoglobin in the blood,
expressed in grams per liter. (Low hemoglobin is called anemia .)
Hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) - This is the fraction of whole blood volume that ...
Cellular respiration
... , and makes energy in the form of two molecules of ATP . Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell . The overall reaction can be
expressed this way:
Glucose + 2 NAD + + 2 ADP + 2 P i → 2 NADH + 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 H 2 O + 4 H +
The individual steps of the conversion ...
Chromosome
... of replication.
Chromatin
Two types of chromatin can be distinguished:
Euchromatin , which consists of DNA that is active, e.g.,
expressed as protein.
Heterochromatin , which consists of mostly inactive DNA. It seems to serve structural purposes during the chromosomal stages. ...
Common descent
... ( Zoonomia , 1795, section 39, "Generation")
In 1859 , Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species was published. The views about common descent
expressed therein vary between suggesting that there was a single "first creature" to allowing that there may have been more than one. Here are the relevant ...
Bioinformatics
... expression analysis
The expression of many genes can be determined by measuring mRNA levels with multiple techniques including microarrays ,
expressed cDNA sequence tag ( EST ) sequencing, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) tag sequencing, massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS), or ...
Computed axial tomography
... in conventional machines, 220 degree in EBT—is then computer processed to calculate cross-sectional estimations of the radiographic density,
expressed in Hounsfield units.
CT is used in medicine as a diagnostic tool and as a guide for interventional procedures. Sometimes contrast materials such ...
Developmental biology
... century the types of molecules involved in embryonic development were identified. Transcription factors are the key regulators of which genes are
expressed in cells. Transcriptional control in the various differentiated cell types allows each type of cell (epithelial, muscle, neuron, etc) to express ...
Expressed sequence tag
... An
expressed sequence tag or EST is a short sub-sequence of a transcribed protein -coding or non-protein coding DNA sequence . It was originally intended as ...
Gene
... in 2 different individuals may result in different traits because of the effect of other DNA strands or the environment.
The DNA strand is
expressed into a trait only if it is transcribed to RNA . Because the transcription starts from a specific base-pair sequence (a promoter ) and stops at ...
Gene therapy
... gene, or within non-coding ( intron ) regions that the cell will never translate to produce protein — then the new gene would not be properly
expressed and the cell could be made worse or even cancerous.
Scientists are researching an interesting way of bypassing the DNA problems by actually ...
Genomics
... has been extended to a host of other contexts. The only other "ome" to shake its origin as a buzzword is proteome , the totality of proteins (
expressed genes that are translated ) in an organism, tissue type or cell, and proteomics is now well-established as a term for studying the proteome.
...
Glycoprotein
... as antibodies (immunoglobulins) which interact directly with antigens
molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (or MHC), which are
expressed on the surface of cells and interact with T-cells as part of the adaptive immune response.
Other examples of glycoproteins include:
...
Isozyme
... , then the two variants may both be favoured by natural selection and become specialised to different functions. For example, they may be
expressed at different stages of development or in different tissues.
Allozymes may result from point mutations or from insertion-deletion ( indel ) events ...
Lambda phage
... genome , without causing it much harm. This way, the prophage gets duplicated with every cell division of the host. The DNA of the prophage that is
expressed in that state codes for proteins that look out for signs of stress in the host cell. Stress can be a result of starvation, poisons (like ...
Phylogeny
... Bayesian.
During the late 19th century , the theory of recapitulation, or Haeckel 's biogenetic law, was widely accepted. This theory was often
expressed as " ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny ", i.e. that the development of an organism exactly mirrors the evolutionary development of the species. The ...
Blood type
... and that antibodies created against the bacteria will react to ABO-incompatible blood cells.
Apart from on red blood cells, the ABO antigen is also
expressed on the glycoprotein von Willebrand factor (vWF), which participates in hemostasis (control of bleeding). In fact, blood type O predisposes very ...
Rudolf Steiner
... and Three Examples of Macrosocial Imbalance
Steiner held that the French Revolution’s slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,”
expressed in an unconscious way the distinct needs of the three social spheres at the present time : liberty in cultural life, equality in a democratic ...
Secondary metabolite
... processes.
Contrary to primary metabolites these compounds are not ubiquitous in the living organisms who produce them nor are they necessarily
expressed continuously.
Although plants are better known as a source of secondary metabolites, bacteria , fungi and many marine organisms (sponges, ...
Signal transduction
... energy and cell locomotion , for example through remodelling of the cell skeleton .
Gene activation leads to further effects, since genes are
expressed as proteins , many of which are enzymes, transcription factors or other regulators of metabolic activity. Because transcription factors can ...
Sociobiology
... gene frequencies. The hypothesis can be confirmed by establishing a correlation between the gene frequencies predicted by the strategy, and those
expressed in a population. Measurement of genes and gene-frequencies can also be problematic, because a simple statistical correlation can be open to charges ...
Unsolved problems in biology
... Other than the structural genes, which is the simpler part of the system? What is the complete structure and function of the proteome proteins
expressed by a cell or organ at a particular time and under specific conditions? What is the complete function of the regulator genes ? The building block ...