Amino acid
... synthesis ). These modifications are often
essential for the function of the protein. At least two ... Some of the 20 standard amino acids are called
essential amino acids , because they cannot be synthesized ... must be taken in with food. In humans , the
essential amino acids are lysine , leucine , isoleucine ...
Nutrition
... in our food, each of them performing an
essential role in the proper functioning of our bodies. ... have been called into question.
The balance of
essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic oil) has ... a population of a range of bacteria which are
essential to digestion, and which are also affected by the ...
Protein
... acids joined by peptide bonds . Proteins are
essential to the structure and function of all living ... the food may be very strong in a subset of the
essential amino acids. Animal -derived foods contain all ... since egg's white and cow's milk contain all
essential amino acids. Peanuts , soy milk, nuts, seeds, ...
Vitamin
... . The term vitamin does not encompass other
essential nutrients such as dietary minerals ,
essential fatty acids or
essential amino acids . Nor is it used for the large number ...
Ames test
... a strain that cannot produce histidine , an amino acid that is
essential for the bacterium to grow if not provided externally with
essential nutrients. Cultures of the bacteria are grown in an agar containing dish ...
Apoptosis
... from their surroundings inducing programmed cell death. Integrins are
essential adhesive molecules in this process but additional factors probably play a ... of inflammation. When combined, we may conclude that dying properly is
essential for living properly.
Etymology
Kerr, Wyllie and Currie (see ...
Enzyme
... bonds in growing protein chains.
Enzymes and health
Enzymes are
essential to living organisms, and a malfunction of even a single enzyme out of ... (PKU). The enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase , which usually converts the
essential amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine does not work, resulting in a ...
Fermentation
... "
"Enrichment of food substrates biologically with protein,
essential amino acids ,
essential fatty acids , and vitamins"
"Detoxification during food fermentation ...
Rudolf Steiner
... in the ... Anthroposophists are those who experience, as an
essential need of life, certain questions on the nature of the human being and the ... organ of the world's own process of self-revelation. In this view, the
essential reality of nature is not separate, self-contained, and complete in itself, ...
Actin
... participate in certain cell junctions, in cytoplasmic streaming and in contraction of the cell during cytokinesis . In muscle cells they play an
essential role, along with myosin , in muscle contraction . In the cytosol , actin is predominantly bound to ATP , but can also bind to ADP . An ATP-actin ...
Albumin
... normally constitutes about 60% of plasma protein; all other proteins present in blood plasma are referred to collectively as globulin .
Albumin is
essential for maintaining the oncotic pressure needed
for proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular compartments
and body tissues. Albumin ...
Biochemistry
...
This paragraph needs to be moved to Talk Page:
There seems to be no reference whatsoever to Dr. Wilhelm Schuessler, who discovered the 12
essential mineral elements of which the body is both composed and requires for life. Schuessler was a German Scientist, homoeopath and Medical Doctor who ...
Biological membrane
... chemical properties of the atoms and molecules attempting to cross it will determine whether they succeed to do so. Selective permeability is
essential for effective separation of a cell or organelle from its surroundings.
If a particle is too large or otherwise unable to cross the membrane by ...
Botany
... pollen deposited by plants thousands or millions of years ago can help scientists to reconstruct past climates and predict future ones, an
essential part of climate change research.
Recording and analysing the timing of plant life cycles is an important part of phenology used in climate ...
Centromere
... chromosomes) will result in chromosome breakage during mitosis.
The centromeric DNA is normally in a heterochromatin state, which is probably
essential for its function. In this chromatin, the normal histone H3 is replaced with CENP-A, a centromere-specific variant. The presence of CENP-A is ...
Culture
... and uncultured, but emphasize that refinement and sophistication are corrupting and unnatural developments which obscure and distort people's
essential nature. On this account, folk music by working-class people is an honest expression of a natural way of life, and classical music is superficial ...
Cytoskeleton
... of GTP , but these filaments do not group into tubules. During cell division , FtsZ is the first protein to move to the division site, and is
essential for recruiting other proteins that produce a new cell wall between the dividing cells.
MreB and ParM
Prokaryotic actin-like proteins, such ...
Diabetes mellitus
... keep their HbA1C level below 7.0% are considered to have good glycaemic control.
Regular blood testing especially more so in type 1 diabetics is
essential to keep a tight reign on the symptoms of the disease. There are many (at least 20+) different types of blood monitoring devices available on the ...
Drug
... the Stoned Age (1999) ISBN 0892818263
Phantastica: A Classic Survey on the Use and Abuse of Mind-Altering Plants (1998) ISBN 0892817836
essential Substances: A Cultural History of Intoxicants in Society (1995) ISBN 1568360754
Pharmako/Poeia: Plants Powers, Poisons, and Herbcraft (1995) ...
Electron transfer chain
... is reduced by electrons and hydrogen protons (provided by NADH and/or FADH2 ) to make water .
Cytochrome c
Cytochrome c is also an
essential part of the electron transfer chain . It is a soluble protein loosely associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, and transfers electrons ...
Endosymbiont
... make itself, or by metabolizing insect waste products into safer forms. For example, the primary role of Buchnera is thought to be to synthesize
essential amino acids that the aphid cannot acquire from its natural diet of plant sap. The evidence is (1) when aphids' endosymbionts are killed using ...
Endosymbiont
... make itself, or by metabolizing insect waste products into safer forms. For example, the primary role of Buchnera is thought to be to synthesize
essential amino acids that the aphid cannot acquire from its natural diet of plant sap. The evidence is (1) when aphids' endosymbionts are killed using ...
Gene
...
Genes are entities that parents pass to offspring during reproduction . These entities encode information
essential for the construction and regulation of polypeptides , proteins and other molecules that determine the growth and functioning of the organism ....
Gregor Mendel
... or to illustrate Lamarck's views concerning the influence of environment upon plants." He found that the plants' respective offspring retained the
essential traits of the parents, and therefore were not influenced by the environment. This simple test gave birth to the idea of heredity.
Mendel read his ...
Homeostasis
... animals. The body fluids include blood plasma , tissue fluid and intracellular fluid . The maintenance of a steady state in these fluids is
essential to living things as the lack of it harms the genetic material.
With regard to any parameter , an organism may be a conformer or a regulator . ...
Human
... worldview, humans are considered a denizen, or part, of nature, rather than superior to or separate from it. In such societies, ritual is considered
essential for survival as it wins the favor of the spirits of one's source of food, shelter, and fertility and wards off malevolent spirits. In more elaborate ...
Long-term potentiation
... (1), 1-10. PMID 11145972
^ PMID 10545144
^ Malenka RC, Kauer JA, Perkel DJ, Mauk MD, Kelly PT, Nicoll RA, Waxham MN (1989) "An
essential role for postsynaptic calmodulin and protein kinase activity in long-term potentiation.". Nature 340 (6234), 554-7.
^ Sweatt JD (1999) ...
Marfan syndrome
... is an autosomal dominant disorder that has been linked to the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15. FBN1 encodes a protein called fibrillin , which is
essential for the formation of elastic fibres found in connective tissue. Marfan's Syndrome is associated with incomplete penetrance, therefore not all persons ...
Metabolism
... pathway
HMG-CoA reductase pathway , leading to cholesterol and isoprenoids .
Secondary metabolism , metabolic pathways that are not
essential for growth, development or reproduction, but that usually have ecological function.
Photosynthesis
Light-dependent reaction (light ...
Actin
... participate in certain cell junctions, in cytoplasmic streaming and in contraction of the cell during cytokinesis . In muscle cells they play an
essential role, along with myosin , in muscle contraction . In the cytosol , actin is predominantly bound to ATP , but can also bind to ADP . An ATP-actin ...
Origin of life
... 1998)
Another unsolved issue in chemical evolution is the origin of homochirality , i.e. all monomers having the same "handedness". This is
essential for both proteins and DNA, yet many prebiotic simulations produce a racemic , or 50/50 mixture of left- and right-handed forms.
From organic ...
Promoter
... of transcription. The sequence at -10 is called the Pribnow box and usually consists of the six nucleotides TATAAT. The Pribnow box is absolutely
essential to start transcription in prokaryotes. The other sequence at -35 usually consists of the six nucleotides TTGACA. Its presence allows a very high ...
Retrovirus
... HTLV 1&2, HIV 1&2) attack CD4 cells .
Another feature common to all retroviruses is a lipid coating surrounding their capsid . It is
essential for their propagation. This explains why retroviruses can be made inactive by just washing hands.
Studies of retroviruses led to the first ...
Secondary metabolite
... Secondary metabolites , also known as natural products , are those products (chemical compounds) of metabolism that are not
essential for normal growth, development or reproduction of an organism . In this sense they are "secondary".
The function or importance of these compounds ...
Spermatogenesis
... and also the cell-cell comunication between the developing germ cells (sperm cells) and the nurse-like Sertoli cells .
The Sertoli cell is
essential for spermatogenesis as it provides support for the developing sperm cells - moving them towards the lumen of the semiferous tubule as they develop ...
Thermoregulation
... down.
Physiological temperature regulation in vertebrates
By numerous observations upon men and animals, John Hunter showed that the
essential difference between the so-called warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals lies in the constancy of the temperature of the former, and the variability of ...
Tubulin
... GDP-bound form of tubulin will disassemble from the tip of a microtubule, though it will not spontaneously fall out of the middle. This GTP cycle is
essential for the dynamic instability of the microtubule.
Tubulin was long thought to be specific to eukaryotes . Recently, however, the prokaryotic cell ...
Optical spectrum
... of the light they emit is called spectroscopy . One particularly important application of spectroscopy is in astronomy , where spectroscopy is
essential for analysing the properties of distant objects. Typically, astronomical spectroscopy utilises high-dispersion diffraction gratings to observe ...