Absorption spectrum
... , there are certain specific amounts of
energy required to change state; for individual atoms, ... a higher orbit if it is given the exact amount of
energy by one single photon, which is a quantum of energy. Using E = hf , a photon's
energy is directly related to its frequency (and hence ...
Activation energy
... The activation
energy in chemistry is the
energy needed by a system to initiate a particular process. Activation
energy is often used to denote the ...
Active transport
... transport , this process requires chemical
energy .
In this form of transport, molecules move ... primary and secondary . In primary transport
energy is directly coupled to movement of desired ... Primary
Primary active transport directly uses
energy to transport molecules across a membrane. Most of ...
Adenosine triphosphate
... as the " molecular currency" of intracellular
energy transfer; that is, ATP is able to store and transport chemical
energy within cells . ATP also plays an important role ... acids . ATP molecules are also used to store the
energy plants make in cellular respiration .
...
ATPase
... . This dephosphorylation reaction releases
energy , which the enzyme (in most cases) harnesses to ... ATPases harness the chemical potential
energy of ATP, because they perform mechanical work : ... is an anabolic enzyme that harnesses the
energy of a transmembrane proton gradient as ...
Autotroph
... light or chemical compounds as a source of
energy . Plants and other organisms using ... such as hydrogen sulfide or ferrous iron for
energy conservation are chemolithoautotrophs .
... are a vital part of the food chain . They take
energy from the sun or from inorganic sources and ...
Bacterium
... carbon dioxide and water. Autotrophs that obtain
energy by oxidizing chemical compounds are called chemotrophs , and those that obtain their
energy from light, via photosynthesis , are called ... are called organotrophs . The metabolic modes of
energy metabolism (phototrophy or chemotrophy), reducing ...
Calvin cycle
... in the stroma .
During photosynthesis, light
energy has been converted into chemical
energy stored in ATP and NADPH . The light-independent Calvin cycle uses the
energy from these ...
Cellular respiration
... the process in which the chemical bonds of
energy -rich molecules such as glucose are converted into
energy usable for life processes. Oxidation of ... reaction that releases a large amount of
energy rather quickly. The overall equation for the ...
Cell metabolism
... divisions: anabolism , in which a cell uses
energy and reducing power to construct complex molecules ... a cell breaks down complex molecules to yield
energy and reducing power. Cell metabolism involves ... is a constructive metabolic process whereby
energy is consumed to synthesize or combine simpler ...
Chemiosmotic hypothesis
... a kind of electrochemical capacitor , using the
energy of NADH and FADH 2 to create a proton ... the mitochondrial membrane and that this
energy was used by a reversible proton pump , the ATP ... well accepted. The prevailing view was that the
energy of electron transfer was stored as a stable high ...
Citric acid cycle
...
Two carbons are oxidized to CO 2 , and the
energy from these reactions is stored in ATP (ATP is the "universal
energy currency" of the cell), NADH and FADH 2 . NADH ... that enable or enhance enzymes) that store
energy and can release it when needed.
Major ...
Ion gradient
... The chemiosmotic potential is used as
energy storage, chemiosmotic coupling is one of several ... proton gradient can be used as an intermediate
energy storage for heat production and flagellar rotation . Additionally it is an interconvertible form of
energy in active transport, electron potential ...
Diffusion
... Ohm's law . In each, a flux (of atoms or
energy or electrons) is equal to a physical property ... down a concentration gradient, and no additional
energy has to be supplied. Compare with diffusion and ... particles diffuse in a liquid medium. Since the
energy is thermal, the mass of the particles must be ...
Electrical energy
... Electrical
energy or electromagnetic
energy is a form of
energy present in any electric field or magnetic ...
Cold-blooded
... warm-blooded animal will use up to 98% of its
energy for heat production, an ectotherm has all this
energy available for activity, growth, repair and ... body weight poikilotherms need 1/3 to 1/10 of the
energy of homeotherms. They therefore eat only 1/3 to ...
Enzyme
... enzymes work by lowering the activation
energy of a reaction, thus allowing the reaction to ... (containing a net negative Gibbs free
energy ), i.e. with the enzyme, they run in the same ... This is required by the Law of Conservation of
energy , which would be violated by the possibility of a ...
Bacterium
... carbon dioxide and water. Autotrophs that obtain
energy by oxidizing chemical compounds are called chemotrophs , and those that obtain their
energy from light, via photosynthesis , are called ... are called organotrophs . The metabolic modes of
energy metabolism (phototrophy or chemotrophy), reducing ...
Cell membrane
... can be separated into those that do not consume
energy in the form of ATP (passive transport) and ... transport, this process does not involve chemical
energy ( ATP ).
Active transport
Typically moves ... the secondary active transport, transporters use
energy derived from transport of another molecule in the ...
Free energy
...
In thermodynamics , free
energy is a measure of the amount of work that can be ... from a system. In this sense, it measures not the
energy content of the system, but the "useful energy" content.
In different situations, free
energy is related to ...
Glucose
... carbohydrates and is used as a source of
energy in animals and plants . Glucose is one of the ... providing 4 calories (17 kilojoules ) of food
energy per gram . Breakdown of carbohydrates (e.g. ... involved in the production of ATP , the cell's
energy carrier. In addition, it is critical in the ...
Glycolysis
... process by which cells of all types derive
energy from sugars. It is not the most efficient, but ... This reaction consumes 1 ATP molecule, but the
energy is well spent: although the cell membrane is ... 1 ATP to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The
energy expenditure in this step is justified in 2 ways: ...
Photosynthesis
... plants , algae , and some bacteria harness the
energy of light to produce food. Ultimately, nearly all living things depend on
energy produced from photosynthesis for their ... the Earth's atmosphere . Organisms that produce
energy through photosynthesis are called phototrophs .
...
Kinetic energy
... Kinetic
energy (also called vis viva , or living force ) is
energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion . The kinetic
energy of a body is equal to the amount of work needed ...
Citric acid cycle
...
Two carbons are oxidized to CO 2 , and the
energy from these reactions is stored in ATP (ATP is the "universal
energy currency" of the cell), NADH and FADH 2 . NADH ... that enable or enhance enzymes) that store
energy and can release it when needed.
Major ...
Lifeform
... thermodynamic state. A continuous
energy input is required to maintain this state. ... procuring and metabolizing food to obtain this
energy . The human lifeform has made use of other forms of
energy such as fire and tools which are used for ...
Light-dependent reaction
... light-dependent reaction , which converts solar
energy into chemical energy. Light absorbed by ... . ATP is a versatile source of chemical
energy used in most biological processes. Note, however, ... activities along the way as the electron drops in
energy level. The electrons originate when a photon of ...
Life
... Metabolism , consuming, transforming and storing
energy / mass ; growing by absorbing and reorganizing ... proteins .
Living organisms require both
energy and matter in order to continue living.
Living ... entropy to negentropy , using flow of
energy .
Descent with modification: a "useful" ...
Mitochondrion
... function is to convert organic materials into
energy in the form of ATP .
Contents ...
2 Mitochondrial functions
2.1
energy conversion
2.1.1 Pyruvate: the Krebs ... is to convert organic materials into cellular
energy in the form of ATP , mitochondria play an ...
Mitochondrion
... function is to convert organic materials into
energy in the form of ATP .
Contents ...
2 Mitochondrial functions
2.1
energy conversion
2.1.1 Pyruvate: the Krebs ... is to convert organic materials into cellular
energy in the form of ATP , mitochondria play an ...
Magnetic resonance imaging
... briefly exposed to pulses of electromagnetic
energy in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, ... high-energy nuclei relax and realign, they emit
energy which is recorded to provide information about ... spins following the application of the transverse
energy pulse; the transverse relaxation time is termed ...
Muscle
... muscular activity account for most of the body's
energy consumption. Muscles store
energy for their own use in the form of glycogen , ... can be rapidly converted to glucose when more
energy is necessary.
Nervous control
Efferent ...
Nutrition
... Antioxidants are another recent discovery. Using
energy in our bodies often has damaging side effects on ... through cell metabolism malfunction, and high
energy levels can promote health through frequent ... is somehow related to the amount of food
energy consumed: this was first systematically ...
Photon
... the symbol γ ( gamma ), although in high
energy physics this refers to a high
energy photon (a gamma ray ; a photon of the immediately lower
energy range is denoted X , an X-ray ).
...
Light-dependent reaction
... light-dependent reaction , which converts solar
energy into chemical energy. Light absorbed by ... . ATP is a versatile source of chemical
energy used in most biological processes. Note, however, ... activities along the way as the electron drops in
energy level. The electrons originate when a photon of ...
Photosynthesis
... plants , algae , and some bacteria harness the
energy of light to produce food. Ultimately, nearly all living things depend on
energy produced from photosynthesis for their ... the Earth's atmosphere . Organisms that produce
energy through photosynthesis are called phototrophs .
...
Photosystem
... , it works with the antenna pigments to gain
energy from a larger part of the spectrum. The pigments ... various wavelengths and pass along their gained
energy to the reaction center chlorophyll. When the
energy reaches the chlorophyll a, it releases two ...
Photosystem
... , it works with the antenna pigments to gain
energy from a larger part of the spectrum. The pigments ... various wavelengths and pass along their gained
energy to the reaction center chlorophyll. When the
energy reaches the chlorophyll a, it releases two ...
Plant
... composed of cellulose , and most obtain their
energy through photosynthesis , using light and carbon ... different groups of organisms that produce
energy through photosynthesis. The most conspicuous are ... land plants and algae are the ultimate source of
energy and organic material in nearly all habitats. ...
Cell membrane
... can be separated into those that do not consume
energy in the form of ATP (passive transport) and ... transport, this process does not involve chemical
energy ( ATP ).
Active transport
Typically moves ... the secondary active transport, transporters use
energy derived from transport of another molecule in the ...