damage

Y chromosome

... their mother and one from their father. Over time damage occurs, yet at the same time, chromosome pairs swa...chromosomes, and has become much smaller. If this damage and loss were to continue unabated, this would lead to the disappearance of all males in any species...

X-ray crystallography

...itrogen . Freezing crystals both reduces radiation damage incurred during data collection and decreases thermal motion within the crystal. Crystals are placed on a diffractometer , a machine that emits a beam of x-rays. The x-rays diffract off the electrons in the crystal, and the pattern of diffraction i...

Virus

...the Americas, but it may have been very large. The damage done by this disease may have significantly aided European attempts to displace or conquer the native population. Jared Diamond argued in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel that highly contagious diseases develop in agricultural societies and regula...

Vesicle

...eaction chambers for chemical reactions that could damage the cell if they would occur in the cytosol. For example, peroxisomes are detoxifiers of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), a toxic byproduct of cell metabolism. Large storage vesicles are known as vacuoles . Mechanisms Assembly of a protein coat...

Tumor

...to destroy itself by committing apoptosis if DNA damage gets too severe. Mutations that repress the genes for these mechanisms can also eventually lead to cancer. A mutation in one oncogen or one tumor repressor gen is usually not enough for a tumor to occur. A combination of a number of mutations is nece...

Stem cell

...jection restores ability to walk 3.2.3 Muscle damage 3.2.4 Human hearts repaired using patient's own ...anks to its immaturity," Han said. [8] Muscle damage Adult stem cells are also apparently able to repair muscle damaged after heart attacks . Heart a...

Signal transduction

...s toxic, and is thought to be responsible for some damage after a stroke . NO serves three main functions: Relaxation of blood vessels . Regulation of exocytosis of neurotransmitters . Cellular immune response . Research questions When considering signal transduction pathways and net...

Nutrition

...g this research was the hypothesis that oxidative damage was the agent which accelerated aging, and that aging was retarded when the amount of carbohydrates was reduced through dietary restriction. However, recent research has produced increased longevity in animals (and shows promise for increased human ...

Memory

...clarative learning. It has been demonstrated that damage to these structures can result in impaired performance on certain memory tasks. However, it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart learning, as soley dependant on specific brain regions. Learning and memory are attributed to cha...

Lytic cycle

...of the infected cell , which is how viruses cause damage to their hosts . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Description 1.1 Infection 1.2 Growth 1.3 Replication and lysis Description The lytic cycle is a three-stage process. Infection When a virus infects a cell, ...

Liver

...of iron in the body, eventually leading to liver damage Cancer of the liver (primary hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic cancers, usually from other parts of the gastrointestinal tract ) Wilson's disease , a hereditary disease which causes the body to retain coppe...

Lambda phage

...ons (like antibiotics), and other factors that can damage or destroy the host. At that point, the prophage becomes active again, excises itself from the DNA of the host cell and enters its lytic cycle . The reactivated phage takes apart the host's DNA and "reprograms" its "protein factory" to produce new p...

Insulin

...e cases prompt medical assistance is essential, as damage (to brain and other tissues) and even death will r...betic retinopathy ), toehr vascular damage, nerve damage from diabetic neuropathy , or kidney failure from diabetic nephropathy . These studies have demons...

Gene therapy

...genes from the viral genome , so that they cannot damage the host. RPR Gencell (a French pharmaceutical company) conducted experiments injecting retroviruses into lung cancer patients. After the injections of vectors containing p53 — a gene that suppresses tumours — directly in to the ca...

Ebola

... , oropharyngeal lesions , conjunctivitis , organ damage (notably the kidney and liver ) by co-localized necrosis , proteinuria (the presence of proteins in urine), and bleeding both internal and external, commonly through the gastrointestinal tract . Death or recovery to convalescence occurs with...

Down syndrome

...antially prevent neuronal degeneration . Oxidative damage to neurons results in rapid brain aging similar to that of Alzheimer's disease . Another chromosome 21 gene that might predispose Down syndrome individuals to develop Alzheimer's pathology is the gene that encodes the precursor of the amyloid p...

Disulfide bond

...eroxide ( H 2 O 2 ) in particular can severely damage DNA and kill the bacterium at low concentrations if it weren't for the protective action of the SS-bond. In rubber Disulfide bonds also play a significant role in the vulcanization of rubber . In eukaryotes In eukaryotic cells, dis...

Diabetes mellitus

...e (it is the main cause for dialysis ), retinal damage with eventual blindness , nerve damage and eventual gangrene with risk of amputation of toes, feet, and even legs. The most important...

Colchicine

...t can exacerbate the symptoms. High doses can also damage bone marrow and lead to anemia . It's not used in the treatment of cancer , as the dose required would lead to intolerable side-effects. Toxicity Poisoning resembles intoxication with arsenic : symptoms start 2 to 5 hours after the toxic dos...

Charles Darwin

...d due to natural selection, and to deny them would damage the "noblest part of our nature" for only a potential future benefit. "Hence we must bear without complaining the undoubtedly bad effects of the weak surviving and propagating their kind," he wrote. For each tendency of society to produce negative se...

Cancer

...rmally located ( metastasis ). Cancer is caused by damage to DNA (genetic material) through genetic and...tion properly. The goal of radiation therapy is to damage as many cancer cells as possible, while limiting harm to nearby healthy tissue. Radiation therapy m...

Brain

...leading cause of death. Often in these cases, more damage is caused by swelling, or edema , than by the imp...my Related topics Avian pallium Brain damage Coma Human brain Regions in the human brain The Memory-Prediction Framework Persisten...

Biodiversity

...f the system to maintain itself or to recover from damage or disturbance. Just like a species with high genetic diversity , an ecosystem with high biodiversity may have a greater chance of adapting to environmental change . In other words, the more species comprising an ecosystem , the more stable the ec...

Apoptosis

...ide") 1 Functions of apoptosis 1.1 Cell damage or infection 1.2 Response to stress or DNA damage 1.3 Homeostasis 1.4 Development 1.5 Immune cell regulation 2 Apoptotic process 2.1 M...

Antibiotic

...and other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . Antibiotic misuse Common forms of antibiotic misuse include taking an inappropriate antibiotic, in particular the use of antibacterials for viral infections like ...