chloroplast

Stroma

...ssue , or organ . 2) The fluid filled area of a chloroplast outside of the thylakoid membranes wherein the light-independent reactions ( Calvin Cycle and Carbon fixation ) of photosynthesis take place....

Proton pump

...ive transport cytochrome mitochondrion chloroplast electron transfer chain proton pump inhibitor ATP synthase...

Proton-motive force

...e also exists in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast , where it is generated by the light reaction of photosynthesis and used to synthesize ATP for use in the fixation of CO 2 . In prokaryotes , it exists across the cellular membrane of the organism....

Alga

... Red algae Glaucophytes In these groups the chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes, both now thought t...the first three of these groups ( Chromista ), the chloroplast has four membranes, retaining a nucleomorph in cryptomonads, and it now appears that they share a co...

Photosynthesis

...of light. However, when oxygen is abundant in the chloroplast in comparison to carbon dioxide due to some reason, such as competition in a dense overgrowth or closure of stomata, photorespiration can occur. This is a counter-productive pathway, and instead works against sugar production. Discovery Altho...

Photolysis

...tosynthesis , which occurs in the granum of the chloroplast . In photolysis the light absorbed by the chlorophyll is turned into chemical energy which is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen . The oxygen is released as a byproduct while the hydrogen binds with the coenzyme NADP to form ...

Organelle

...bly originated from endosymbiont bacteria : chloroplast mitochondrion Other organelles include: centriole endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus lysosome myofibril plastids nucleus peroxisome ribosome vacuole vesicle melanosome Other related structu...

Leaf

... a leaf is typically flat and thin, to expose the chloroplast containing cells ( chlorenchyma tissue) to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues. Leaves are also the sites in most plants where respiration , transpiration , and guttation take place. Leaves can stor...

Intermembrane space

...and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast . Its main function is nucleotide phosphorylation . Channel proteins called porins in the outer membrane allow free movement of ions and small molecules into the intermembrane space. This means that it is essentially continuous with the cyto...

Photosynthesis

...of light. However, when oxygen is abundant in the chloroplast in comparison to carbon dioxide due to some reason, such as competition in a dense overgrowth or closure of stomata, photorespiration can occur. This is a counter-productive pathway, and instead works against sugar production. Discovery Altho...

Granum

...plural grana ) is a stack of thylakoids in the chloroplast , an organelle found in plants and eukaryotic algae where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana....

Endosymbiotic theory

...cteria , related to the rickettsias), and that the chloroplast evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria (autotr...-320. (Discusses theories on how mitochondria and chloroplast genes are transferred into the nucleus, and also what steps a gene needs to go through in order to c...

Cytoplasm

...are organelles (such as the mitochondria , the chloroplast , lysosomes , peroxysomes , ribosomes ), several vacuoles , cytoskeletons as well as complex membrane structures (e.g. endoplasmic reticulums or the golgi apparatus ). Differences between animal and vegetal cytoplasm While all cells po...

Chloroplast membrane

...lasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope . Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer , between 6 and 8 nm thick, and the two are separated by a gap of 10-20nm, called the intermembrane space. The outer membrane is permiable to most ions and metabolites , but the inner membrane ...

Chloroplast

... with four membrane layers. The fluid within the chloroplast is called the stroma , corresponding to the cytoplasm of the bacterium, and contains tiny circular DNA and ribosomes , though most of their proteins are synthesized by the cell nucleus. Within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids , the sub-org...

ATP synthase

...erall structure and the catalytic mechanism of the chloroplast ATP synthase are almost the same as those of the m...pes of subunits. See also mitochondrion chloroplast electron transfer chain proton pump transmembrane ATPase External links "ATP syn...

Arabidopsis

...in the study of the genetic basis of phototropism, chloroplast alignment, and other light influenced processes. Study of this organism has led to discoveries such as positive phototropic responses of root cells to red, far red and infrared light. While gravitropic response of Arabidopsis root organs is the pr...

Alga

... Red algae Glaucophytes In these groups the chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes, both now thought t...the first three of these groups ( Chromista ), the chloroplast has four membranes, retaining a nucleomorph in cryptomonads, and it now appears that they share a co...