chain

Transmembrane receptor

...tside of the cell or organelle. If the polypeptide chain of the receptor crosses the bilayer several times,...ins , which in turn send the signal along a signal chain to its destination. The intracellular domain has enzymatic activity . Often, this is a tyrosi...

Endoplasmic reticulum

... 1975. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein) contains a few amino acids that work as an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Proteins that are destined for places outside the ER are packed into transport vesicles and moved along the ...

Signal transduction

...oceed from the initial stimulus. In such cases the chain of steps is referred to as a "signalling cascade " or "second messenger pathway" and the result is that a small stimulus elicits a large response. In bacteria and other one-cell organisms , the variety of signal transduction processes of which t...

Sequencing

... Currently, all sequencing is performed using the chain termination method , created by Frederick Sanger ...sequence genes and genome. Two of the mainstream chain termination strategies are chromosome walking and shotgun sequencing . Other techniques under d...

Endoplasmic reticulum

... 1975. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein) contains a few amino acids that work as an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Proteins that are destined for places outside the ER are packed into transport vesicles and moved along the ...

Endoplasmic reticulum

... 1975. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein) contains a few amino acids that work as an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Proteins that are destined for places outside the ER are packed into transport vesicles and moved along the ...

Ribosome

...teins. It translates mRNA into a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein ). It can be thought of as a fac... as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis (Figure 3). Each subunit consists of one or two very large RNA molecules (...

Proton pump

...itochondrion chloroplast electron transfer chain proton pump inhibitor ATP synthase...

Protein

...alpha helix and beta sheet —or segments of chain that assume no stable shape . Secondary structure...tive conformation. The two ends of the amino acid chain are referred to as the carboxy terminus (C-terminus) and the amino terminus (N-terminus) based o...

Protein biosynthesis

... acid. This translocation continues on, and a long chain of amino acid (protein), is formed. When the entire unit reaches the end codon on the mRNA, it falls apart and a newly formed protein is released. This is the termination. It is important to know that during this process, many enzymes are used to e...

Prion

... structure to also become distorted, producing a chain reaction that both propagates the disease and generates new infectious material. Since the original hypothesis was proposed, a gene for the PrP protein has been isolated (the PRNP gene), several mutations that cause the variant shape have been ...

Primer

...ymerases, such as DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), require primers. The primers used...method called dideoxy sequencing (also known as chain termination method or Sanger method ) uses a primer as a start marker for the chain reaction. In ...

Peptide

...terminology A polypeptide is a single linear chain of amino acids. A protein is one or more polypeptides more than about 50 amino acids long. An oligopeptide or (simply) a peptide is a polypeptide less than 30-50 amino acids long. A tripeptide has three amino acids. A dipeptide ...

Polysaccharide

...y alpha- linkages. Amylose consists of a linear chain of several hundred glucose molecules. Amylopectine is a branched molecule made of several thousand of glucose units. Starches are insoluble in water . They can be digested by hydrolysis catalyzed by enzymes called amylases , which can break the...

Photosynthesis

...which are transferred along an electron transport chain , similar to that involved in respiration. Their energy is used for photophosphorylation , which produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main "energy currency" in cells. In photosystem I, the electrons are returned to the chlorophyll. In pho...

Light-dependent reaction

...lished via the mechanism of an electron transport chain . This is a series of proteins embedded in a biol...n before returning to chlorophyll. This transport chain produces a proton-motive force, pumping H + ions across the membrane; this produces a concentration...

Lipid bilayer

... terminal CH3 = yellow, O = red, glycol C = brown, chain C = grey In biology and chemistry , a lipid bilayer is a membrane or zone of a membrane composed only of lipid molecules. The lipid bilayer is the foundation of all biological membranes , and is a prerequisite of cell-based life . Wi...

Peptide

...terminology A polypeptide is a single linear chain of amino acids. A protein is one or more polypeptides more than about 50 amino acids long. An oligopeptide or (simply) a peptide is a polypeptide less than 30-50 amino acids long. A tripeptide has three amino acids. A dipeptide ...

Nucleosome

...o of ~6, compared to "free" DNA (per nm length). A chain of nucleosomes can be arranged in a 30-nm-fiber , a compacted structure (once thought to be a helical solenoid, but now considered likely to exist as a zig-zag structure in vivo) with a packing ratio of ~40. The H1 histone stabilizes this structure....

Nucleotide

...bose in DNA or ribose in RNA, and the phosphate chain can be a monophosphate, diphosphate, or triphospha...ters indicate the length of the attached phosphate chain (Mono-, Di-, Tri-) and the presence of a phosphate (P). For example, deoxy-cytosine-triphosphate is...

Molecular biology

...ology 2.1 Expression cloning 2.2 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 2.3 Gel electrophoresis 2.4 Wes... against the protein can be studied. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Main article: Polymerase chain reaction The polymerase chain reaction is an e...

Mitochondrion

...cle 2.1.2 NADH and FADH2: the electron transport chain 3 Use in population genetic studies 4 Th...h go on to participate in the electron transport chain . With the exception of succinate dehydrogenase , which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membr...

Mitochondrion

...cle 2.1.2 NADH and FADH2: the electron transport chain 3 Use in population genetic studies 4 Th...h go on to participate in the electron transport chain . With the exception of succinate dehydrogenase , which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membr...

Metabolism

... . Aerobic respiration Electron transfer chain Oxidative phosphorylation Anaerobic respiration , Cori cycle Lactic acid fermentation Fermentation Ethanol fermentation Anabolism Anabolic pathways that create building blocks and compounds from simpl...

Major histocompatibility complex

...consisting of a single transmembrane polypeptide chain (the α-chain) and a β 2 microglobulin ...s encoded elsewhere, not in the MHC). The α chain has two polymorphic domains, α 1 , α 2 , which present peptides derived from cytosolic ...

Light-dependent reaction

...lished via the mechanism of an electron transport chain . This is a series of proteins embedded in a biol...n before returning to chlorophyll. This transport chain produces a proton-motive force, pumping H + ions across the membrane; this produces a concentration...

Kary Mullis

...mist . In the 1980s , he invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a central technique in molecular biology which allows the amplification of specified DNA sequences. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the Japan Prize for this work in 1993 . Mullis was born in North Carolina, ...

Insulin

... B chains linked by sulphide bonds 4. Leader and C chain are cut off 5. Insulin molecule remains Struc...e figure shown above). Chain A consists of 21, and chain B of 30 amino acids. Insulin is produced as a prohormone molecule – proinsulin – tha...

Homunculus

... own. This led to a reductio ad absurdum , with a chain of homunculi "all the way down". Today the term is used in a number of ways to describe systems that are thought of as being run by a "little man" inside. For instance, the homunculus continues to be considered as one of the major theories on the or...

Photosynthesis

...which are transferred along an electron transport chain , similar to that involved in respiration. Their energy is used for photophosphorylation , which produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main "energy currency" in cells. In photosystem I, the electrons are returned to the chlorophyll. In pho...

Habitat

...pace colonization . Habitat is the name of a chain of furniture stores founded in the 1960s by Terence Conran . Habitat was one of the first successful online roleplaying games Habitat for Humanity is a charity related to housing. Habitat (movie) , a 1997 movie directed by Rene...

Glycolipid

...r recognition. They occur where a carbohydrate chain is associated with phospholipids in the cell surface membrane . The carbohydrates are found on the outer surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes. They extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the aqueous environment outside the cell where ...

Glucose

... due to the glycosylation of proteins. The chain form of D -Glucose In respiration, through a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions, glucose is oxidized to eventually form carbon dioxide and water , yielding energy, mostly in the form of ATP . It is also broken down from polysaccharides b...

Genetics

...983 Kary Banks Mullis discovers the polymerase chain reaction enabling the easy amplification of DNA 1989 The first human gene is sequenced by Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui , it encodes the CFTR protein, defects in this gene cause cystic fibrosis 1995 The genome of Haemophilus infl...

Genetic fingerprinting

...erprints in criminal cases, is that of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR involves the amplification of specific regions of DNA that are known to be highly variable from one individual to another. This amplification process allows the scientist to start with a very small amount of material, and the out...

Genetic code

...As and associated enzymes , into an amino acid chain ( polypeptide ), which will then be folded into a ...ons was first detected. Translation starts with a chain initiation codon (start codon). But unlike stop codons, these are not sufficient to begin the proce...

Flavin

...t can transfer electrons to the electron transfer chain . FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a cofactor in the enzymes D-amino acid oxidase, glucose oxidase, and xanthine oxidase . FADH / FADH 2 FADH and FADH 2 are reduced forms of FAD. FADH 2 is produced in the citric acid cycle . In...

Flavin

...t can transfer electrons to the electron transfer chain . FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a cofactor in the enzymes D-amino acid oxidase, glucose oxidase, and xanthine oxidase . FADH / FADH 2 FADH and FADH 2 are reduced forms of FAD. FADH 2 is produced in the citric acid cycle . In...

Enzyme

...ach monomer is actually produced as a long, linear chain of amino acids , which folds in a particular fash...ucture, the factors that go into ensuring that the chain folds correctly and maintains its shape are complex, and still not completely understood, although ...

Endoplasmic reticulum

... 1975. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein) contains a few amino acids that work as an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Proteins that are destined for places outside the ER are packed into transport vesicles and moved along the ...

Electron transfer chain

The electron transfer chain (also called the electron transport chain , ETC, or simply electron transport ), is any series of protein complexes and lipid-soluable messen...

DNA

...y skipped, inserted, or incorrectly copied, or the chain is trimmed, or added to; all other basic mutations...e molecule is a strand of DNA: a chemically linked chain of nucleotides , each of which consists of a sugar , a phosphate and one of four kinds of nucle...

Disulfide bond

...o so through a disulfide bond. The particular side chain involved is the sulfhydryl group (- S H ). Oxidation of the thiol group yields a disulfide (S-S) bond. The presence of S-S then helps to maintain the tertiary structure of the protein. An amino acid that commonly forms S-S bonds in proteins in ...

Ion gradient

...onmotive force created by the electron transport chain as a source of energy. The overall process of creating energy in this fashion is termed oxidative phosphorylation . Same process takes place in mitochondria , were ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (so that F 1 -part stic...

Collagen

...lly disallowed, tight coiling of each of the alpha chain subunits of tropocollagen, where there is a rise per turn of just 0.3 nm as opposed to the .36 nm of a regular Alpha helical coil. Hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline play important roles in the stabilisation of the tropocollagen globular structure as w...

Genetic code

...As and associated enzymes , into an amino acid chain ( polypeptide ), which will then be folded into a ...ons was first detected. Translation starts with a chain initiation codon (start codon). But unlike stop codons, these are not sufficient to begin the proce...

Cloning

...extinct about 65 years previous, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [3] . However, on February 15 2005 the museum announced that it was stopping the project after tests showed the specimens' DNA had been too badly degraded by the ( ethanol ) preservative. One of the continuing obstacles in the a...

Chromosome walking

... strand, e.g., a chromosome . As the traditional chain termination method does not allow long DNA strand... The new short DNA strand is sequenced using the chain termination method . The end of the sequenced strand is used as a primer for the next part of the ...

Chloroplast membrane

...ncluding those involved in the electron transport chain ....

Chemiosmotic hypothesis

...pumping by the complexes of the electron transfer chain grew too great to be ignored. Eventually the weig...sts , chemiosmotic potential , electron transfer chain , cytochrome References: http://www.life.uiuc.edu/crofts/bioph354/mitchell.html http://www.o...

Cellulose

...gh 1,4 glycosidic bonds . Cellulose is a straight chain (no coiling occurs). In microfibrils , the multiple hydroxide groups hydrogen bond with each other, holding the chains firmly together and contributing to their high tensile strength. This strength is important in cell walls, where they are meshed...

Biopolymer

...ccur from the 5' end to the 3' end of the polymer chain , where 5' and 3' refer to the numbering of carbon...ch the N-terminal residues are hydrolyzed from the chain one at a time, derivatized, and then identified. Mass spectrometer techniques can also be used. Nu...

Beta sheet

... can form between the two strands. The amino acid chain is almost fully extended throughout a β strand. The N-H groups in the backbone of one strand establish hydrogen bonds with the C=O groups in the backbone of the adjacent, parallel strand(s). The cumulative effect of multiple such hydrogen ...

Autotroph

...ophs . Autotrophs are a vital part of the food chain . They take energy from the sun or from inorganic sources and convert it into a form (organic molecules) that they use to carry out biological functions including cell growth; and that other organisms (called heterotrophs ) can utilize as food ....

ATP synthase

...onmotive force created by the electron transport chain as a source of energy. The overall process of cre...itochondrion chloroplast electron transfer chain proton pump transmembrane ATPase External links "ATP synthase - a splendid molecular...

Antibody

...on; have approximately 550 amino acids. Each heavy chain has a constant region, which is the same by all im... of four domains. The variable domain of any heavy chain is composed of one domain. These domains are about 110 amino acids long. There are also some amino a...

Amino acid

... | H-C-R | NH 2 Where "R" represents a side chain specific to each amino acid. Amino acids are usually classified by properties of the side chain into four groups: acidic , basic , hydrophilic ( polar ), and hydrophobic ( nonpolar ). Iso...

Alpha helix

...ost associated with the folding of the polypeptide chain is too high. Some amino acids (called helix breakers ) like proline will disrupt the helical structure. Ordinarily, a helix has a buildup of positive charge at the N-terminal end and negative charge at the C-terminal end which is a destabilizing...

Alcohol

...es In the IUPAC system, the name of the alkane chain loses the terminal "e" and adds "ol", e.g. "methan...ropan-2-ol under IUPAC rules, indicating a propane chain with methyl and hydroxyl groups both attached to the middle (#2) carbon. An alcohol with two hydrox...