carbon

Stoma

...af , and used for gas exchange. Air containing carbon dioxide and oxygen enters the plant through the...ma Paradox As the key reactant in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, is found in the atmosphere, most plants require the stoma to be open during daytime. The pr...

Skin

...rts of the skin. Absorption: Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in small amounts. Excretion: The concentration of urea is 1/130th than that of urine. Excretion by sweating is at most a secondary function to temperature regulation. Heat regulation: The skin contains seb...

Blood plasma

...e , lipids , hormones , products of metabolism, carbon dioxide and oxygen . (Oxygen transport capacity of plasma is lower compared to that of the hemoglobin in the red blood cells ; it may increase under hyperbaric conditions.) It is the storage and transport medium of clotting factors and its pro...

Second messenger

...thin the cytosol . gases, nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), that can diffuse both through cytosol and across cellular membranes. These intracellular messengers have some properties in common: They can be synthesized/released and broken down again in specific reactions by enzymes. Some...

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

...the substrate used by the enzyme RubisCO to fix carbon dioxide ....

Respiration

...iological respiration , which exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the external environment....

Redox

... a simple redox process, such as the combustion of carbon by oxygen to yield carbon dioxide, it could be the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane, or it could be the oxidat...

Prokaryote

...on to using photosynthesis or an organic form of carbon for energy like eukaryotes do, prokaryotes may obtain energy from inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide. See also Monera - previously Prokaryota were a Kingdom with divisions of eubacteria and archaebacteria. nanobacteria nanob...

Primary nutritional groups

...sources. Carbon source refers to the source of carbon used by an organism for growth and development. An...trophic when using organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development, whereas it is autotrophic , when its source of carbon is carbon dioxi...

Peptide

... double-bond character, because the participating carbon molecule is doubly bonded to an oxygen molecule and the nitrogen has a lone pair of electrons available for bonding. Peptides (like proteins) occur in nature and are responsible for a wide array of functions, many of which are not yet understood....

Plant

... energy through photosynthesis , using light and carbon dioxide to synthesize food. About 300 plant speci...f animals . Importance The photosynthesis and carbon fixation conducted by land plants and algae are the ultimate source of energy and organic material i...

Plant

... energy through photosynthesis , using light and carbon dioxide to synthesize food. About 300 plant speci...f animals . Importance The photosynthesis and carbon fixation conducted by land plants and algae are the ultimate source of energy and organic material i...

Photorespiration

...lly, the Calvin cycle ). Although rubisco favors carbon , it can also use oxygen , producing glycolate . This usually occurs when oxygen levels are high; for example, when the stomata (tiny pores on the underside of the leaf ) are closed to prevent water loss. The reaction is: RuBP + rubisco + O 2 ...

Photosynthesis

...terial derived from them. Most notably, they use carbon dioxide gas and water to produce sugars and oxyg...e and other compounds react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and chemical energy. However, both processes actually take place through a complex ...

Peptide

... double-bond character, because the participating carbon molecule is doubly bonded to an oxygen molecule and the nitrogen has a lone pair of electrons available for bonding. Peptides (like proteins) occur in nature and are responsible for a wide array of functions, many of which are not yet understood....

Pentose phosphate pathway

... generate NADPH and the synthesis of pentose (5- carbon ) sugars . There are two distinct phases in the p...and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5 carbon sugars. The pathway is one of the three main ways the body creates reducing molecules to prevent ...

Redox

... a simple redox process, such as the combustion of carbon by oxygen to yield carbon dioxide, it could be the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane, or it could be the oxidat...

Origin of life

...sed of complex organic material formed from simple carbon compounds after reactions initiated mostly by irradiation by ultraviolet light. It is supposed that a rain of cometary material on the early Earth could have brought significant quantities of complex organic molecules, and that it is possible that ...

Neurotransmitter

...line ( ACh ) Other: nitric oxide ( NO ) carbon monoxide ( CO ) anandamide See also nervous system External links Molecular Expressions Photo Gallery: The Neurotransmitter Collection Brain Neurotransmitters Endogenous Neuroactive Extracellular Signal Transducers...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

...charged nitrogen, and one hydrogen attaches to the carbon atom opposite to the nitrogen. The human body synthesises NAD from the vitamin niacin in the form of nicotinic acid or nicotinamide. See also Adenine Nucleotide References and external links NAD and NADP Nic...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

...charged nitrogen, and one hydrogen attaches to the carbon atom opposite to the nitrogen. The human body synthesises NAD from the vitamin niacin in the form of nicotinic acid or nicotinamide. See also Adenine Nucleotide References and external links NAD and NADP Nic...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

...charged nitrogen, and one hydrogen attaches to the carbon atom opposite to the nitrogen. The human body synthesises NAD from the vitamin niacin in the form of nicotinic acid or nicotinamide. See also Adenine Nucleotide References and external links NAD and NADP Nic...

Mycology

...as xenobiotics are a critical step in the global carbon cycle . Fungi and other organisms traditionally recognized as fungal often are economically and socially important as they are responsible for diseases of animals as well as plants like Potato blight (actually, an oomycete ). Field expeditions t...

Marine biology

...e sea and important cycles of matter (such as the carbon cycle ) and movement of energy through ecosystems ... global weather and environmental issues (such as carbon dioxide displacement). Recent marine biotechnology has focused largely on marine biomolecules , e...

Lysozyme

... the bond that connects N-acetylmuramic acid with carbon four of N-acetylglucosamine . Lysozyme levels in the blood are often increased in sarcoidosis . In some forms of hereditary amyloid , the cause is a mutation in the lysozyme gene, which leads to accumulated lysozyme in several tissues (). Hist...

Lung

...ts function is to exchange oxygen from air with carbon dioxide from blood . The process in which this happens is called " external respiration " or breathing. There are also nonrespiratory functions of the lungs. Medical terms related to the lung often start in pulmo- from the Latin word pulmone...

Lipid

...rated fatty acids). The chains are usually 14-24 carbon groups long. The head groups of the phospholipids found in biological_membranes are phosphatidylcholine ( lecithin ), phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, whose head group can be modified by the addition of one to ...

Life

... All life on Earth is based on the chemistry of carbon compounds. Some assert that this must be the case...t the universe; others describe this position as ' carbon chauvinism '. Other definitions Other definitions include: Francisco Varela and Humberto Ma...

Leaf

...tion of the cells provides maximal absorption of carbon dioxide. This separation must be minimal to afford capillary action for water distribution. In order to adapt to their different environment (such as sun or shade), plants had to adapt this structure to obtain optimal result. Sun leaves have a mult...

Lagging strand

... the position of the molecule in respect to the carbon atoms it contains). When replicating, the original DNA splits in two, forming two "prongs" which resemble a fork (i.e. the " replication fork "). DNA has a ladder-like structure; imagine a ladder broken in half vertically, along the steps. Each ha...

Citric acid cycle

...wn of carbohydrates , fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water in order to generate energy. ...luding glycolysis ) produces acetyl-CoA , a two- carbon acetyl group bound to coenzyme A . Acetyl-CoA is the main input to the citric acid cycle. Citra...

Homeostasis

...ostasis. For instance, when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the human body increases, the lungs ...ignalled to increase their activity and expel more carbon dioxide. In positive feedback , the response is to amplify the change in the variable. This has...

Photosynthesis

...terial derived from them. Most notably, they use carbon dioxide gas and water to produce sugars and oxyg...e and other compounds react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and chemical energy. However, both processes actually take place through a complex ...

Heterotroph

...ism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development. Contrast with autotrophs which use carbon dioxide as sole carbon source. All animals are heterotrophic, as well as fungi and many bacteri...

Halobacteria

...however, and halobacteria are incapable of fixing carbon from carbon dioxide ....

Glycolysis

...ctic acid , whereas yeast produce ethanol and carbon dioxide . In aerobic organisms , the pyruvate typically enters the citric acid cycle , and the NADH is ultimately oxidized by oxygen during oxidative phosphorylation . Although human metabolism is primarily aerobic, under anaerobic conditions...

Glucose

... a hexose —a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms . Glucose is an aldehyde (contains a -C...form for six-carbon aldoses . In this ring, each carbon is linked to hydroxyl and hydrogen side groups with the exception of the fifth atom, which links t...

Fermentation

...t converts the sugars from the malt into alcohol, carbon dioxide and other components through a process ca... , grains into beer , and carbohydrates into carbon dioxide to leaven bread . According to Steinkraus (1995), traditionally food fermentation serves ...

Bacterium

...phs are able to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. Autotrophs that obtain energy ...uivalent sources (lithotrophy or organotrophy) and carbon sources (autotrophy or heterotrophy) can be combined differently in any single microorganism, and ev...

Enzyme

... DNA Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase : fixes carbon in green plants. RNAse : those enzymes which can...n Tyrosinase Urease : hydrolizes urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia Xanthine oxidase : oxidizes hypoxanthine to xanthine and further to ur...

Electrophysiology

...other technique of electrophysiology, which uses a carbon electrode and is typically used to detect and record changes in the chemical composition of the oxidized components inside of biological solution being studied. It is typically employed for studing the neural exocytosis of some neurotransmitters....

Electron transfer chain

...ited by various poisons . Among them we can cite carbon monoxide , cyanide , azide , antimycin , amytal and rotenone . See also: cytochrome mitochondrion chloroplast...

Diffusion

...ry membrane, oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Facilitated diffusion ... small nuclei and grow because of the diffusion of carbon dioxide molecules towards them. A smelly gas distributes itself over a room by diffusion. A sugar ...

Citric acid cycle

...wn of carbohydrates , fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water in order to generate energy. ...luding glycolysis ) produces acetyl-CoA , a two- carbon acetyl group bound to coenzyme A . Acetyl-CoA is the main input to the citric acid cycle. Citra...

Chlorophyll

...d in the form of ATP , and ultimately to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and oxygen . Chlorophyll absorbs most in the red and blue portions of the electromagnetic spectrum , thus its intense green color. Chemical structure Chlorophyll is a chlorin pigment, which is structural...

Chemautotrophic

... chemautotroph is an organism that obtains its carbon from carbon dioxide using the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds. See also : Autotrophic , heterotrop...

Cellular respiration

...is transferred from an energy-rich atom (such as a carbon atom in an organic molecule) to an oxygen atom, vi...ydrogen atoms through an ATP synthase, as well as carbon dioxide and water . This makes for a total gain of 38 ATP molecules during cellular respiration u...

Carbon fixation

... in autotrophic plants . It is when the three carbon dioxide molecules taken in each time there is a t... the dark reactions of photosynthesis. These three carbon dioxide molecules undergo the chemical reactions in the Calvin cycle. The end result is that there ...

Carbohydrate

Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon ) are chemical compounds that act as the primar...ischer projection ) Pure carbohydrates contain carbon , hydrogen , and oxygen atoms , in a 1:2:1 molar ratio , giving the general formula C n H...

Crassulacean acid metabolism

Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) is a carbon fixation pathway in some photosynthetic plants...ldn't be able to carry out photosynthesis , since carbon dioxide from the air wouldn't be available. Therefore, their stomata are open during the night, and...

C4 carbon fixation

...anings of C4 , see C4 (disambiguation) C 4 carbon fixation is a common metabolic pathway found in l... The C 4 cycle allows for a spacial separation of carbon fixation from respiration, thus allowing C 4 plants to increase concentration of CO 2 within their...

Crassulacean acid metabolism

Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) is a carbon fixation pathway in some photosynthetic plants...ldn't be able to carry out photosynthesis , since carbon dioxide from the air wouldn't be available. Therefore, their stomata are open during the night, and...

Botany

...o exist. While doing all this, plants also absorb carbon dioxide , an important greenhouse gas , through photosynthesis . A good understanding of plants is crucial to the future of our society as it allows us to: Feed the world Understand fundamental life processes Utilise medicine and materials ...

Calvin cycle

...from these short-lived energy carriers to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds that can be used...e organism. This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation . The key enzyme of the cycle is called RubisCO . The total sum of reactions in the Ca...

Blood

...o tissues and to remove waste products (such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid ). Blood also enables ce...ation 3.2 Transport of oxygen 3.3 Transport of carbon dioxide 3.4 Transport of hydrogen ions 4 Health and disease 4.1 Ancient medicine 4.2 D...

Bacterium

...phs are able to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. Autotrophs that obtain energy ...uivalent sources (lithotrophy or organotrophy) and carbon sources (autotrophy or heterotrophy) can be combined differently in any single microorganism, and ev...

Biology

... of cells , which in turn, are based on a common carbon -based biochemistry . All organisms pass on the... of the ecosystem , for example when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rise, plants are able to grow better and thus remove more carbon dioxide from the ...

Autotroph

...ces its own cell mass and organic compounds from carbon dioxide as sole carbon source, using either light or chemical compounds as a source of energy . Plants and other organ...

Artificial life

...s evolutionary art clanking replicator carbon chauvinism robotics systems biology wet alife neural nets Lindenmayer systems game theory Open problems "What is life?" "When can we say that a system, or a subsystem, is alive?" "What is the smallest system that w...

Antibody

...th the heavy chain ε. It contains a lot of carbon hydrates. Its molecular mass is 190 kD. It can be found on the surface of the plasma membrane of basophils and mast cells of connective tissue . IgE plays a role in immediate hypersensitivity and the defense of parasites such as worms. The I...