Carbohydrate
...
Glucose as a straight-chain
carbohydrate ( Fischer projection )
Fructose ( ... which interconvert in equilibrium. However, the
carbohydrate may further react with an alcohol to form an ... monosaccharide units. Definitions of how large a
carbohydrate must be to fall into each category vary however.
...
Cell metabolism
...
1 Anabolism
2 Catabolism
2.1
carbohydrate catabolism
2.2 Fat catabolism
2.3 Protein ... reactions are normally exothermic .
carbohydrate catabolism
Main article:
carbohydrate catabolism
...
Insulin
... ) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates
carbohydrate metabolism . Apart from being the primary effector in
carbohydrate homeostasis, it also takes part in the metabolism ... structure varies slightly between species . Its
carbohydrate metabolism regulatory function strength also ...
Cellulose
...
( C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n
is a long-chain polymer polysaccharide
carbohydrate , of beta-glucose . It forms the primary structural component of plants ... This strength is important in cell walls, where they are meshed into a
carbohydrate matrix , helping keep plants rigid.
Given a cellulose material, the ...
Glycolipid
... Glycolipids are
carbohydrate -attached lipids . Their role is to provide energy and also serve as markers for cellular recognition.
They occur where a
carbohydrate chain is associated with phospholipids in the cell surface membrane ....
Glycoprotein
... A glycoprotein is a macromolecule composed of a protein and a
carbohydrate (a sugar ). The
carbohydrate is usually attached to the protein in a posttranslational modification , ...
Metabolism
... pathways
Important metabolic pathways are:
General pathways
carbohydrate metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
Citric acid cycle (Krebs ... . These pathways are also involved in the digestion of food .
carbohydrate catabolism
Glycogenolysis , the conversion of glycogen into ...
Cellular respiration
... two ATP molecules per molecule of glucose (compare to the approximately 38 of aerobic respiration).
See also
Citric acid cycle
carbohydrate catabolism
External links
A detailed diagram of glycolysis
...
Citric acid cycle
... catabolism, (3) Carbohydrates, (4) Amino Acids, (5) Acetyl-CoA, (6) Pyruvate, (7) Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is the second step in
carbohydrate catabolism (the breakdown of sugars). Glycolysis breaks glucose (a six-carbon-molecule) down into pyruvate (a three-carbon molecule). In ...
Endoplasmic reticulum
... lipids (e.g., for building membranes such as phospholipids ), fatty acids and steroids (e.g., hormones ), and also plays an important role in
carbohydrate metabolism , detoxification of the cell (enzymes in the smooth ER detoxify chemicals), and calcium storage. It also is a large transporter of ...
Glucose
... enantiomers (mirror-image isomers ) of the sugar, D -glucose and L -glucose, but in living organisms, only the D -isomer is found. Whether a
carbohydrate is D or L has to do with the isomeric conformation of the hydroxyl on carbon 5. If it is to the right in the Fischer projection , then the ring ...
Glycolysis
... Glycolysis is the initial metabolic pathway of
carbohydrate catabolism . The most common and well-known form of glycolysis is the Embden - Meyerhof pathway. The term can be taken to include alternative ...
Golgi apparatus
... simplified glycosylated proteins. In the Golgi Apparatus, carbohydrates are attached and removed from these glycoproteins, creating a diversity of
carbohydrate structures on the proteins. After they have been secreted in to the cell the vesicles fuse to the cell membrane and release their contents.
As well ...
Citric acid cycle
... catabolism, (3) Carbohydrates, (4) Amino Acids, (5) Acetyl-CoA, (6) Pyruvate, (7) Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is the second step in
carbohydrate catabolism (the breakdown of sugars). Glycolysis breaks glucose (a six-carbon-molecule) down into pyruvate (a three-carbon molecule). In ...
Liver
... digestion. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum , and some is stored in the gallbladder .
The liver performs several roles in
carbohydrate metabolism :
Gluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from certain amino acids , lactate or glycerol )
Glycogenolysis (the ...
Nutrition
... digestion, and which are also affected by the food we eat.
The previous mechanistic view of food as fuel, and the simplistic notion that protein,
carbohydrate etc. were each obtained from one type of food (the meat and two veg model) has all but been replaced. Increasing complexity means that nutrition ...
Blood type
... is controlled by a single gene with three alleles : i , A , and B . The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase , an enzyme that modifies the
carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens. The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome (9q34).
A allele gives type A, B gives ...
Endoplasmic reticulum
... lipids (e.g., for building membranes such as phospholipids ), fatty acids and steroids (e.g., hormones ), and also plays an important role in
carbohydrate metabolism , detoxification of the cell (enzymes in the smooth ER detoxify chemicals), and calcium storage. It also is a large transporter of ...
Endoplasmic reticulum
... lipids (e.g., for building membranes such as phospholipids ), fatty acids and steroids (e.g., hormones ), and also plays an important role in
carbohydrate metabolism , detoxification of the cell (enzymes in the smooth ER detoxify chemicals), and calcium storage. It also is a large transporter of ...
Endoplasmic reticulum
... lipids (e.g., for building membranes such as phospholipids ), fatty acids and steroids (e.g., hormones ), and also plays an important role in
carbohydrate metabolism , detoxification of the cell (enzymes in the smooth ER detoxify chemicals), and calcium storage. It also is a large transporter of ...
Starch
... Starch is a complex
carbohydrate which is insoluble in water. Starch (in particular cornstarch ) is used in cooking for thickening sauces . In industry, it is used in the ...